我在试着找出Python的lambda。lambda是那些在现实生活中应该被遗忘的“有趣”语言项之一吗?

我确信有一些边缘情况可能需要它,但是考虑到它的模糊性,它在未来版本中被重新定义的可能性(我基于它的各种定义的假设)以及降低的编码清晰度——应该避免它吗?

这让我想起了C类型的溢出(缓冲区溢出)——指向顶部变量并重载以设置其他字段值。这感觉有点像技术人员的表演,但维护程序员的噩梦。


当前回答

你说的是lambda表达式吗?就像

lambda x: x**2 + 2*x - 5

这些东西其实很有用。Python支持一种称为函数式编程的编程风格,在这种编程风格中,您可以将函数传递给其他函数来执行某些操作。例子:

mult3 = filter(lambda x: x % 3 == 0, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

将mult3设置为[3,6,9],即原始列表中3的倍数的元素。这句话更短(有人可能会说,更清楚)

def filterfunc(x):
    return x % 3 == 0
mult3 = filter(filterfunc, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9])

当然,在这个特殊的情况下,你可以做同样的事情作为一个列表推导:

mult3 = [x for x in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] if x % 3 == 0]

(甚至作为range(3,10,3)),但还有许多其他更复杂的用例,在这些用例中,您不能使用列表推导式,lambda函数可能是写出一些东西的最短方法。

Returning a function from another function >>> def transform(n): ... return lambda x: x + n ... >>> f = transform(3) >>> f(4) 7 This is often used to create function wrappers, such as Python's decorators. Combining elements of an iterable sequence with reduce() >>> reduce(lambda a, b: '{}, {}'.format(a, b), [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]) '1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9' Sorting by an alternate key >>> sorted([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], key=lambda x: abs(5-x)) [5, 4, 6, 3, 7, 2, 8, 1, 9]

我经常使用lambda函数。我花了一段时间来适应它们,但最终我明白了它们是语言中非常有价值的一部分。

其他回答

我是一个python初学者,所以为了获得一个清晰的lambda概念,我将它与'for'循环进行了比较;在效率方面。 下面是代码(python 2.7) -

import time
start = time.time() # Measure the time taken for execution

def first():
    squares = map(lambda x: x**2, range(10))
    # ^ Lambda
    end = time.time()
    elapsed = end - start
    print elapsed + ' seconds'
    return elapsed # gives 0.0 seconds

def second():
    lst = []
    for i in range(10):
        lst.append(i**2)
    # ^ a 'for' loop
    end = time.time()
    elapsed = end - start
    print elapsed + ' seconds'
    return elapsed # gives 0.0019998550415 seconds.

print abs(second() - first()) # Gives 0.0019998550415 seconds!(duh)

我已经使用Python好几年了,我从来没有遇到过需要lambda的情况。实际上,正如教程所述,这只是语法糖。

I started reading David Mertz's book today 'Text Processing in Python.' While he has a fairly terse description of Lambda's the examples in the first chapter combined with the explanation in Appendix A made them jump off the page for me (finally) and all of a sudden I understood their value. That is not to say his explanation will work for you and I am still at the discovery stage so I will not attempt to add to these responses other than the following: I am new to Python I am new to OOP Lambdas were a struggle for me Now that I read Mertz, I think I get them and I see them as very useful as I think they allow a cleaner approach to programming.

He reproduces the Zen of Python, one line of which is Simple is better than complex. As a non-OOP programmer reading code with lambdas (and until last week list comprehensions) I have thought-This is simple?. I finally realized today that actually these features make the code much more readable, and understandable than the alternative-which is invariably a loop of some sort. I also realized that like financial statements-Python was not designed for the novice user, rather it is designed for the user that wants to get educated. I can't believe how powerful this language is. When it dawned on me (finally) the purpose and value of lambdas I wanted to rip up about 30 programs and start over putting in lambdas where appropriate.

在Python中,lambda只是内联定义函数的一种方式,

a = lambda x: x + 1
print a(1)

和. .

def a(x): return x + 1
print a(1)

..是完全一样的。

你可以用lambda做任何常规函数做不到的事情——Python函数和其他任何东西一样都是对象,lambdas只是定义一个函数:

>>> a = lambda x: x + 1
>>> type(a)
<type 'function'>

老实说,我认为lambda关键字在python中是多余的——我从来没有需要使用它们(或者见过使用它们的地方,常规函数、列表理解或许多内置函数中的一个本可以更好地使用)。

对于一个完全随机的例子,摘自文章“Python的lambda被破坏了!”:

要查看lambda是如何被破坏的,请尝试生成一个函数fs=[f0,…,f9]其中fi(n)=i+n。第一次尝试: >>> fs = [(lambda n: I + n) for I in range(10)] > > > fs [3] (4) 13

我想说的是,即使这样确实有效,它也太可怕了,而且是“非python化的”,同样的功能可以用无数其他方式来编写,例如:

>>> n = 4
>>> [i + n for i in range(10)]
[4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]

是的,这是不一样的,但我从未见过需要在列表中生成一组lambda函数的原因。这在其他语言中可能是有意义的,但Python不是Haskell(或Lisp,或…)

请注意,我们可以使用lambda,仍然可以达到预期的效果 结果如下: >>> fs = [(lambda n,i=i: i + n) for i in range(10)] > > > fs [3] (4) 7

编辑:

在一些情况下lambda是有用的,例如在PyQt应用程序中连接信号时,它通常很方便,像这样:

w = PyQt4.QtGui.QLineEdit()
w.textChanged.connect(lambda event: dothing())

只是执行w.textChanged.connect(dothing)将使用额外的事件参数调用dothing方法并导致错误。使用lambda意味着我们可以整齐地删除参数,而不必定义包装函数。

我怀疑lambda不会消失。 请参阅Guido关于最终放弃尝试删除它的帖子。也请参阅冲突概要。

你可以看看这篇文章,了解更多Python函数特性背后的交易历史: http://python-history.blogspot.com/2009/04/origins-of-pythons-functional-features.html

奇怪的是,最初引入lambda和其他函数特性的map、filter和reduce函数在很大程度上已经被列表推导式和生成器表达式所取代。事实上,在Python 3.0中,reduce函数已从内置函数列表中删除。(但是,没有必要投诉lambda、map或filter的删除:它们被保留了。: -)

我个人的意见是:就清晰度而言,lambda值不了多少。通常有一个更清晰的不包含的解。