#dictinary and defaultdict

normaldictionary=dict()
print(type(normaldictionary))
#print(normaldictionary["keynotexisit"])
#Above normal dictionary give an error as key not present

from collections import defaultdict
defaultdict1=defaultdict()
print(type(defaultdict1))
#print(defaultdict1['keynotexisit'])
######################################

from collections import defaultdict
default2=defaultdict(int)
print(default2['keynotexist'])

https://msatutorpy.medium.com/different-between-dictionary-and-defaultdictionary-cb215f682971

在以下情况下，defaultdict也会引发keyerror:

from collections import defaultdict
d = defaultdict()
print(d[3]) #raises keyerror

总是记得给defaultdict参数

d = defaultdict(int)

我认为它最好用来代替switch case语句。想象一下，如果我们有一个switch case语句，如下所示:

option = 1

switch(option) {
    case 1: print '1st option'
    case 2: print '2nd option'
    case 3: print '3rd option'
    default: return 'No such option'
}

python中没有switch case语句。我们可以通过使用defaultdict实现同样的目的。

from collections import defaultdict

def default_value(): return "Default Value"
dd = defaultdict(default_value)

dd[1] = '1st option'
dd[2] = '2nd option'
dd[3] = '3rd option'

print(dd[4])    
print(dd[5])    
print(dd[3])

它打印:

Default Value
Default Value
3rd option

在上面的代码片段中，dd没有键4或键5，因此它输出了一个默认值，这是我们在helper函数中配置的。这比原始字典要好得多，在原始字典中，如果key不存在就会抛出KeyError。由此可见，defaultdict更像是一个switch case语句，在这里我们可以避免复杂的if-elif-elif-else块。

另一个让我印象深刻的例子是:

>>> from collections import defaultdict
>>> food_list = 'spam spam spam spam spam spam eggs spam'.split()
>>> food_count = defaultdict(int) # default value of int is 0
>>> for food in food_list:
...     food_count[food] += 1 # increment element's value by 1
...
defaultdict(<type 'int'>, {'eggs': 1, 'spam': 7})
>>>

如果我们尝试访问鸡蛋和垃圾邮件以外的任何物品，我们将得到0的计数。

Usually, a Python dictionary throws a KeyError if you try to get an item with a key that is not currently in the dictionary. The defaultdict in contrast will simply create any items that you try to access (provided of course they do not exist yet). To create such a "default" item, it calls the function object that you pass to the constructor (more precisely, it's an arbitrary "callable" object, which includes function and type objects). For the first example, default items are created using int(), which will return the integer object 0. For the second example, default items are created using list(), which returns a new empty list object.

字典是一种方便的方式来存储数据，以便以后按名称(键)检索。键必须是唯一的、不可变的对象，通常是字符串。字典中的值可以是任何东西。对于许多应用程序，值是简单类型，如整数和字符串。

It gets more interesting when the values in a dictionary are collections (lists, dicts, etc.) In this case, the value (an empty list or dict) must be initialized the first time a given key is used. While this is relatively easy to do manually, the defaultdict type automates and simplifies these kinds of operations. A defaultdict works exactly like a normal dict, but it is initialized with a function (“default factory”) that takes no arguments and provides the default value for a nonexistent key.

defaultdict永远不会引发KeyError。任何不存在的键都将获得默认工厂返回的值。

from collections import defaultdict
ice_cream = defaultdict(lambda: 'Vanilla')

ice_cream['Sarah'] = 'Chunky Monkey'
ice_cream['Abdul'] = 'Butter Pecan'

print(ice_cream['Sarah'])
>>>Chunky Monkey

print(ice_cream['Joe'])
>>>Vanilla

下面是另一个关于如何使用defaultdict的例子，我们可以降低复杂性

from collections import defaultdict
# Time complexity O(n^2)
def delete_nth_naive(array, n):
    ans = []
    for num in array:
        if ans.count(num) < n:
            ans.append(num)
    return ans

# Time Complexity O(n), using hash tables.
def delete_nth(array,n):
    result = []
    counts = defaultdict(int)

    for i in array:
        if counts[i] < n:
            result.append(i)
            counts[i] += 1
    return result


x = [1,2,3,1,2,1,2,3]
print(delete_nth(x, n=2))
print(delete_nth_naive(x, n=2))

总之，当您需要字典，并且每个元素的值都应该以默认值开始时，请使用defaultdict。

文档和解释几乎是不言自明的:

http://docs.python.org/library/collections.html#collections.defaultdict

类型函数(int/str等)作为参数传递，用于初始化dict中没有的任何给定键的默认值。