Enum类可以是一行程序。

class Enum(tuple): __getattr__ = tuple.index

如何使用它(正向和反向查找、键、值、项等)

>>> State = Enum(['Unclaimed', 'Claimed'])
>>> State.Claimed
1
>>> State[1]
'Claimed'
>>> State
('Unclaimed', 'Claimed')
>>> range(len(State))
[0, 1]
>>> [(k, State[k]) for k in range(len(State))]
[(0, 'Unclaimed'), (1, 'Claimed')]
>>> [(k, getattr(State, k)) for k in State]
[('Unclaimed', 0), ('Claimed', 1)]

def M_add_class_attribs(attribs):
    def foo(name, bases, dict_):
        for v, k in attribs:
            dict_[k] = v
        return type(name, bases, dict_)
    return foo

def enum(*names):
    class Foo(object):
        __metaclass__ = M_add_class_attribs(enumerate(names))
        def __setattr__(self, name, value):  # this makes it read-only
            raise NotImplementedError
    return Foo()

像这样使用它:

Animal = enum('DOG', 'CAT')
Animal.DOG # returns 0
Animal.CAT # returns 1
Animal.DOG = 2 # raises NotImplementedError

如果你只想要唯一的符号，不关心值，替换这行:

__metaclass__ = M_add_class_attribs(enumerate(names))

用这个:

__metaclass__ = M_add_class_attribs((object(), name) for name in names)

我需要在pyparsing中使用一些符号常量来表示二进制运算符的左右结合性。我像这样使用类常量:

# an internal class, not intended to be seen by client code
class _Constants(object):
    pass


# an enumeration of constants for operator associativity
opAssoc = _Constants()
opAssoc.LEFT = object()
opAssoc.RIGHT = object()

现在当客户端代码想要使用这些常量时，他们可以使用以下方法导入整个枚举:

import opAssoc from pyparsing

枚举是唯一的，它们可以用'is'而不是'=='来测试，它们不会在我的代码中占用很大的空间，而且它们很容易导入到客户端代码中。它们不支持任何花哨的str()行为，但到目前为止，这属于YAGNI类别。

为了解码二进制文件格式，我曾经需要一个Enum类。我碰巧想要的特性是简洁的枚举定义，通过整数值或字符串自由创建枚举实例的能力，以及有用的表示。这是我最后得出的结论:

>>> class Enum(int):
...     def __new__(cls, value):
...         if isinstance(value, str):
...             return getattr(cls, value)
...         elif isinstance(value, int):
...             return cls.__index[value]
...     def __str__(self): return self.__name
...     def __repr__(self): return "%s.%s" % (type(self).__name__, self.__name)
...     class __metaclass__(type):
...         def __new__(mcls, name, bases, attrs):
...             attrs['__slots__'] = ['_Enum__name']
...             cls = type.__new__(mcls, name, bases, attrs)
...             cls._Enum__index = _index = {}
...             for base in reversed(bases):
...                 if hasattr(base, '_Enum__index'):
...                     _index.update(base._Enum__index)
...             # create all of the instances of the new class
...             for attr in attrs.keys():
...                 value = attrs[attr]
...                 if isinstance(value, int):
...                     evalue = int.__new__(cls, value)
...                     evalue._Enum__name = attr
...                     _index[value] = evalue
...                     setattr(cls, attr, evalue)
...             return cls
... 

使用它的一个异想天开的例子:

>>> class Citrus(Enum):
...     Lemon = 1
...     Lime = 2
... 
>>> Citrus.Lemon
Citrus.Lemon
>>> 
>>> Citrus(1)
Citrus.Lemon
>>> Citrus(5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 6, in __new__
KeyError: 5
>>> class Fruit(Citrus):
...     Apple = 3
...     Banana = 4
... 
>>> Fruit.Apple
Fruit.Apple
>>> Fruit.Lemon
Citrus.Lemon
>>> Fruit(1)
Citrus.Lemon
>>> Fruit(3)
Fruit.Apple
>>> "%d %s %r" % ((Fruit.Apple,)*3)
'3 Apple Fruit.Apple'
>>> Fruit(1) is Citrus.Lemon
True

主要特点:

str()， int()和repr()都会产生最有用的输出，分别是枚举的名称，它的整数值，以及返回枚举的Python表达式。 构造函数返回的枚举值严格限制为预定义值，没有意外的枚举值。 枚举值是单例的;它们可以与之严格比较

这里是一个实现:

class Enum(set):
    def __getattr__(self, name):
        if name in self:
            return name
        raise AttributeError

下面是它的用法:

Animals = Enum(["DOG", "CAT", "HORSE"])

print(Animals.DOG)

保持简单，使用旧的Python 2。x(参见下面的Python 3!):

class Enum(object): 
    def __init__(self, tupleList):
            self.tupleList = tupleList
    
    def __getattr__(self, name):
            return self.tupleList.index(name)

然后:

DIRECTION = Enum(('UP', 'DOWN', 'LEFT', 'RIGHT'))
DIRECTION.DOWN
1

在使用Python 3时保持简单:

from enum import Enum
class MyEnum(Enum):
    UP = 1
    DOWN = 2
    LEFT = 3
    RIGHT = 4

然后:

MyEnum.DOWN

参见:https://docs.python.org/3/library/enum.html