我主要是c#开发人员,但我目前正在用Python开发一个项目。
我如何在Python中表示等价的Enum ?
我主要是c#开发人员,但我目前正在用Python开发一个项目。
我如何在Python中表示等价的Enum ?
当前回答
我使用元类来实现枚举(在我的想法中,它是一个const)。代码如下:
class ConstMeta(type):
'''
Metaclass for some class that store constants
'''
def __init__(cls, name, bases, dct):
'''
init class instance
'''
def static_attrs():
'''
@rtype: (static_attrs, static_val_set)
@return: Static attributes in dict format and static value set
'''
import types
attrs = {}
val_set = set()
#Maybe more
filter_names = set(['__doc__', '__init__', '__metaclass__', '__module__', '__main__'])
for key, value in dct.iteritems():
if type(value) != types.FunctionType and key not in filter_names:
if len(value) != 2:
raise NotImplementedError('not support for values that is not 2 elements!')
#Check value[0] duplication.
if value[0] not in val_set:
val_set.add(value[0])
else:
raise KeyError("%s 's key: %s is duplicated!" % (dict([(key, value)]), value[0]))
attrs[key] = value
return attrs, val_set
attrs, val_set = static_attrs()
#Set STATIC_ATTRS to class instance so that can reuse
setattr(cls, 'STATIC_ATTRS', attrs)
setattr(cls, 'static_val_set', val_set)
super(ConstMeta, cls).__init__(name, bases, dct)
def __getattribute__(cls, name):
'''
Rewrite the special function so as to get correct attribute value
'''
static_attrs = object.__getattribute__(cls, 'STATIC_ATTRS')
if name in static_attrs:
return static_attrs[name][0]
return object.__getattribute__(cls, name)
def static_values(cls):
'''
Put values in static attribute into a list, use the function to validate value.
@return: Set of values
'''
return cls.static_val_set
def __getitem__(cls, key):
'''
Rewrite to make syntax SomeConstClass[key] works, and return desc string of related static value.
@return: Desc string of related static value
'''
for k, v in cls.STATIC_ATTRS.iteritems():
if v[0] == key:
return v[1]
raise KeyError('Key: %s does not exists in %s !' % (str(key), repr(cls)))
class Const(object):
'''
Base class for constant class.
@usage:
Definition: (must inherit from Const class!
>>> class SomeConst(Const):
>>> STATUS_NAME_1 = (1, 'desc for the status1')
>>> STATUS_NAME_2 = (2, 'desc for the status2')
Invoke(base upper SomeConst class):
1) SomeConst.STATUS_NAME_1 returns 1
2) SomeConst[1] returns 'desc for the status1'
3) SomeConst.STATIC_ATTRS returns {'STATUS_NAME_1': (1, 'desc for the status1'), 'STATUS_NAME_2': (2, 'desc for the status2')}
4) SomeConst.static_values() returns set([1, 2])
Attention:
SomeCosnt's value 1, 2 can not be duplicated!
If WrongConst is like this, it will raise KeyError:
class WrongConst(Const):
STATUS_NAME_1 = (1, 'desc for the status1')
STATUS_NAME_2 = (1, 'desc for the status2')
'''
__metaclass__ = ConstMeta
##################################################################
#Const Base Class ends
##################################################################
def main():
class STATUS(Const):
ERROR = (-3, '??')
OK = (0, '??')
print STATUS.ERROR
print STATUS.static_values()
print STATUS.STATIC_ATTRS
#Usage sample:
user_input = 1
#Validate input:
print user_input in STATUS.static_values()
#Template render like:
print '<select>'
for key, value in STATUS.STATIC_ATTRS.items():
print '<option value="%s">%s</option>' % (value[0], value[1])
print '</select>'
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
其他回答
在Java pre-JDK 5中使用的类型安全枚举模式有一个 优势的数量。就像Alexandru的回答一样,你创建了一个 类和类级别字段是枚举值;然而,枚举 值是类的实例,而不是小整数。这已经 优点是枚举值不会在不经意间比较相等 对于小整数,你可以控制它们的打印方式,任意添加 方法(如果有用的话),并使用isinstance进行断言:
class Animal:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
def __str__(self):
return self.name
def __repr__(self):
return "<Animal: %s>" % self
Animal.DOG = Animal("dog")
Animal.CAT = Animal("cat")
>>> x = Animal.DOG
>>> x
<Animal: dog>
>>> x == 1
False
python-dev上最近的一个线程指出,在野外有几个枚举库,包括:
flufl.enum lazr.enum ... 和富有想象力的enum
def M_add_class_attribs(attribs):
def foo(name, bases, dict_):
for v, k in attribs:
dict_[k] = v
return type(name, bases, dict_)
return foo
def enum(*names):
class Foo(object):
__metaclass__ = M_add_class_attribs(enumerate(names))
def __setattr__(self, name, value): # this makes it read-only
raise NotImplementedError
return Foo()
像这样使用它:
Animal = enum('DOG', 'CAT')
Animal.DOG # returns 0
Animal.CAT # returns 1
Animal.DOG = 2 # raises NotImplementedError
如果你只想要唯一的符号,不关心值,替换这行:
__metaclass__ = M_add_class_attribs(enumerate(names))
用这个:
__metaclass__ = M_add_class_attribs((object(), name) for name in names)
我需要在pyparsing中使用一些符号常量来表示二进制运算符的左右结合性。我像这样使用类常量:
# an internal class, not intended to be seen by client code
class _Constants(object):
pass
# an enumeration of constants for operator associativity
opAssoc = _Constants()
opAssoc.LEFT = object()
opAssoc.RIGHT = object()
现在当客户端代码想要使用这些常量时,他们可以使用以下方法导入整个枚举:
import opAssoc from pyparsing
枚举是唯一的,它们可以用'is'而不是'=='来测试,它们不会在我的代码中占用很大的空间,而且它们很容易导入到客户端代码中。它们不支持任何花哨的str()行为,但到目前为止,这属于YAGNI类别。
下面是亚历克·托马斯解决方案的一个变种:
def enum(*args, **kwargs):
return type('Enum', (), dict((y, x) for x, y in enumerate(args), **kwargs))
x = enum('POOH', 'TIGGER', 'EEYORE', 'ROO', 'PIGLET', 'RABBIT', 'OWL')
assert x.POOH == 0
assert x.TIGGER == 1
保持简单,使用旧的Python 2。x(参见下面的Python 3!):
class Enum(object):
def __init__(self, tupleList):
self.tupleList = tupleList
def __getattr__(self, name):
return self.tupleList.index(name)
然后:
DIRECTION = Enum(('UP', 'DOWN', 'LEFT', 'RIGHT'))
DIRECTION.DOWN
1
在使用Python 3时保持简单:
from enum import Enum
class MyEnum(Enum):
UP = 1
DOWN = 2
LEFT = 3
RIGHT = 4
然后:
MyEnum.DOWN
参见:https://docs.python.org/3/library/enum.html