在2018年，我认为这是最好的方式;支持IE9+和现代浏览器。

更新:请参阅此测试和repo以了解不同实现的比较。

function CustomError(message) {
    Object.defineProperty(this, 'name', {
        enumerable: false,
        writable: false,
        value: 'CustomError'
    });

    Object.defineProperty(this, 'message', {
        enumerable: false,
        writable: true,
        value: message
    });

    if (Error.hasOwnProperty('captureStackTrace')) { // V8
        Error.captureStackTrace(this, CustomError);
    } else {
        Object.defineProperty(this, 'stack', {
            enumerable: false,
            writable: false,
            value: (new Error(message)).stack
        });
    }
}

if (typeof Object.setPrototypeOf === 'function') {
    Object.setPrototypeOf(CustomError.prototype, Error.prototype);
} else {
    CustomError.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype, {
        constructor: { value: CustomError }
    });
}

还要注意__proto__属性已弃用，该属性在其他答案中广泛使用。

Mohsen has a great answer above in ES6 that sets the name, but if you're using TypeScript or if you're living in the future where hopefully this proposal for public and private class fields has moved past stage 3 as a proposal and made it into stage 4 as part of ECMAScript/JavaScript then you might want to know this is then just a little bit shorter. Stage 3 is where browsers start implementing features, so if your browser supports it the code below just might work. (Tested in the new Edge browser v81 it seems to work fine). Be warned though this is an unstable feature at the moment and should be used cautiously and you should always check browser support on unstable features. This post is mainly for those future dwellers when browsers might support this. To check support check MDN and Can I use. It's currently got 66% support across the browser market which is getting there but not that great so if you really want to use it now and don't want to wait either use a transpiler like Babel or something like TypeScript.

类EOFError扩展错误{ name = " EOFError " ｝ 抛出新的EOFError("Oops error ");

将此与一个无名错误进行比较，该错误在抛出时不会记录其名称。

类NamelessEOFError扩展错误{} 抛出新的NamelessEOFError("Oops error ");

如果你不关心错误的性能，这是你能做的最小的

Object.setPrototypeOf(MyError.prototype, Error.prototype)
function MyError(message) {
    const error = new Error(message)
    Object.setPrototypeOf(error, MyError.prototype);
    return error
}

你可以不使用new只使用MyError(message)

通过在构造函数Error被调用后更改原型，我们不必设置调用堆栈和消息

我建议的解决方案是使用error的.name属性来区分错误类型，而不是instancof

这并没有完全回答问题，但我认为这是一个合理的解决方案，至少在某些情况下。

我所看到的能够拥有一个instanceof CustomError的好处是，您可以在promise catch处理程序中进行自定义处理。

例如:

class CustomError extends Error {/** ... **/}

axios
  .post(url, payload)
  .then(data => {
    if (!data.loggedIn) throw CustomError("not logged in");
    return data;
  })
  .catch(error => {
    if (error instanceof CustomError) {/** custom handling of error*//}
    throw error
  })

如果这是你想要达到的目的，.name参数也很适合你:

export const ERROR_NOT_LOGGED_IN = "ERROR_NOT_LOGGED_IN";

axios
  .post(url, payload)
  .then(data => {
    if (!data.loggedIn) throw Error("not logged in").name=ERROR_NOT_LOGGED_IN ;
    return data;
  })
  .catch(error => {
    if (error.name === ERROR_NOT_LOGGED_IN) {/** custom handling of error*//}
    throw error
  })

在Mohsen的回答中指出，在ES6中可以使用类来扩展错误。这要容易得多，而且它们的行为与本机错误更一致……但不幸的是，如果你需要支持前es6版本的浏览器，在浏览器中使用它并不是一件简单的事情。下面是关于如何实施的一些注意事项，但与此同时，我建议一个相对简单的方法，它包含了其他答案中的一些最好的建议:

function CustomError(message) {
    //This is for future compatibility with the ES6 version, which
    //would display a similar message if invoked without the
    //`new` operator.
    if (!(this instanceof CustomError)) {
        throw new TypeError("Constructor 'CustomError' cannot be invoked without 'new'");
    }
    this.message = message;

    //Stack trace in V8
    if (Error.captureStackTrace) {
       Error.captureStackTrace(this, CustomError);
    }
    else this.stack = (new Error).stack;
}
CustomError.prototype = Object.create(Error.prototype);
CustomError.prototype.name = 'CustomError';

在ES6中，这很简单:

class CustomError extends Error {}

...and you can detect support for ES6 classes with try {eval('class X{}'), but you'll get a syntax error if you attempt to include the ES6 version in a script that's loaded by older browsers. So the only way to support all browsers would be to load a separate script dynamically (e.g. via AJAX or eval()) for browsers that support ES6. A further complication is that eval() isn't supported in all environments (due to Content Security Policies), which may or may not be a consideration for your project.

所以现在，对于需要支持非es6浏览器的代码来说，无论是上述第一种方法，还是直接使用Error而不尝试扩展它，似乎都是最好的方法。

There is one other approach that some people might want to consider, which is to use Object.setPrototypeOf() where available to create an error object that's an instance of your custom error type but which looks and behaves more like a native error in the console (thanks to Ben's answer for the recommendation). Here's my take on that approach: https://gist.github.com/mbrowne/fe45db61cea7858d11be933a998926a8. But given that one day we'll be able to just use ES6, personally I'm not sure the complexity of that approach is worth it.

这并不复杂，但我个人认为这是扩展错误的最简单方法。

export default class ExtendableError extends Error {
    constructor(message) {
        super(message);
        this.name = this.constructor.name;
    }
}

创建一个名为ExtendableError的实用程序类。这个实用程序类的目的是与普通的Error类类似，但在默认情况下将name属性更改为类的名称，因此很容易扩展错误。

现在，如果您想扩展一个错误，它只需要一行。

class MyError extends ExtendableError {}