请考虑以下基于预定义类型标识符和ID的方法。

JPA的具体假设:

具有相同“类型”和相同非空ID的实体被认为是相等的 非持久化实体(假设没有ID)永远不等于其他实体

抽象实体:

@MappedSuperclass
public abstract class AbstractPersistable<K extends Serializable> {

  @Id @GeneratedValue
  private K id;

  @Transient
  private final String kind;

  public AbstractPersistable(final String kind) {
    this.kind = requireNonNull(kind, "Entity kind cannot be null");
  }

  @Override
  public final boolean equals(final Object obj) {
    if (this == obj) return true;
    if (!(obj instanceof AbstractPersistable)) return false;
    final AbstractPersistable<?> that = (AbstractPersistable<?>) obj;
    return null != this.id
        && Objects.equals(this.id, that.id)
        && Objects.equals(this.kind, that.kind);
  }

  @Override
  public final int hashCode() {
    return Objects.hash(kind, id);
  }

  public K getId() {
    return id;
  }

  protected void setId(final K id) {
    this.id = id;
  }
}

具体实体示例:

static class Foo extends AbstractPersistable<Long> {
  public Foo() {
    super("Foo");
  }
}

测试的例子:

@Test
public void test_EqualsAndHashcode_GivenSubclass() {
  // Check contract
  EqualsVerifier.forClass(Foo.class)
    .suppress(Warning.NONFINAL_FIELDS, Warning.TRANSIENT_FIELDS)
    .withOnlyTheseFields("id", "kind")
    .withNonnullFields("id", "kind")
    .verify();
  // Ensure new objects are not equal
  assertNotEquals(new Foo(), new Foo());
}

主要优势:

简单 确保子类提供类型标识 使用代理类预测行为

缺点:

要求每个实体调用super()

注:

使用继承时需要注意。例如，类A和类B扩展A的实例相等性可能取决于应用程序的具体细节。 理想情况下，使用业务密钥作为ID

期待您的评论。

如果UUID是许多人的答案，为什么我们不使用业务层的工厂方法来创建实体并在创建时分配主键呢?

例如:

@ManagedBean
public class MyCarFacade {
  public Car createCar(){
    Car car = new Car();
    em.persist(car);
    return car;
  }
}

通过这种方式，我们可以从持久化提供程序获得实体的默认主键，并且我们的hashCode()和equals()函数可以依赖于它。

我们还可以声明Car的构造函数受保护，然后在业务方法中使用反射来访问它们。这样，开发人员就不会打算用new实例化Car，而是通过factory方法。

来说,如何?

If you have a business key, then you should use that for equals and hashCode. If you don't have a business key, you should not leave it with the default Object equals and hashCode implementations because that does not work after you merge and entity. You can use the entity identifier in the equals method only if the hashCode implementation returns a constant value, like this: @Entity public class Book implements Identifiable<Long> { @Id @GeneratedValue private Long id; private String title; @Override public boolean equals(Object o) { if (this == o) return true; if (!(o instanceof Book)) return false; Book book = (Book) o; return getId() != null && Objects.equals(getId(), book.getId()); } @Override public int hashCode() { return getClass().hashCode(); } //Getters and setters omitted for brevity }

看看GitHub上的这个测试用例，它证明了这个解决方案很有魅力。

我同意Andrew的回答。我们在应用程序中做同样的事情，但不是将uuid存储为VARCHAR/CHAR，而是将其分割为两个长值。请参阅UUID.getLeastSignificantBits()和UUID.getMostSignificantBits()。

还有一件事需要考虑，对UUID. randomuuid()的调用非常慢，因此您可能希望只在需要时才惰性地生成UUID，例如在持久化期间或调用equals()/hashCode()期间

@MappedSuperclass
public abstract class AbstractJpaEntity extends AbstractMutable implements Identifiable, Modifiable {

    private static final long   serialVersionUID    = 1L;

    @Version
    @Column(name = "version", nullable = false)
    private int                 version             = 0;

    @Column(name = "uuid_least_sig_bits")
    private long                uuidLeastSigBits    = 0;

    @Column(name = "uuid_most_sig_bits")
    private long                uuidMostSigBits     = 0;

    private transient int       hashCode            = 0;

    public AbstractJpaEntity() {
        //
    }

    public abstract Integer getId();

    public abstract void setId(final Integer id);

    public boolean isPersisted() {
        return getId() != null;
    }

    public int getVersion() {
        return version;
    }

    //calling UUID.randomUUID() is pretty expensive, 
    //so this is to lazily initialize uuid bits.
    private void initUUID() {
        final UUID uuid = UUID.randomUUID();
        uuidLeastSigBits = uuid.getLeastSignificantBits();
        uuidMostSigBits = uuid.getMostSignificantBits();
    }

    public long getUuidLeastSigBits() {
        //its safe to assume uuidMostSigBits of a valid UUID is never zero
        if (uuidMostSigBits == 0) {
            initUUID();
        }
        return uuidLeastSigBits;
    }

    public long getUuidMostSigBits() {
        //its safe to assume uuidMostSigBits of a valid UUID is never zero
        if (uuidMostSigBits == 0) {
            initUUID();
        }
        return uuidMostSigBits;
    }

    public UUID getUuid() {
        return new UUID(getUuidMostSigBits(), getUuidLeastSigBits());
    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        if (hashCode == 0) {
            hashCode = (int) (getUuidMostSigBits() >> 32 ^ getUuidMostSigBits() ^ getUuidLeastSigBits() >> 32 ^ getUuidLeastSigBits());
        }
        return hashCode;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(final Object obj) {
        if (obj == null) {
            return false;
        }
        if (!(obj instanceof AbstractJpaEntity)) {
            return false;
        }
        //UUID guarantees a pretty good uniqueness factor across distributed systems, so we can safely
        //dismiss getClass().equals(obj.getClass()) here since the chance of two different objects (even 
        //if they have different types) having the same UUID is astronomical
        final AbstractJpaEntity entity = (AbstractJpaEntity) obj;
        return getUuidMostSigBits() == entity.getUuidMostSigBits() && getUuidLeastSigBits() == entity.getUuidLeastSigBits();
    }

    @PrePersist
    public void prePersist() {
        // make sure the uuid is set before persisting
        getUuidLeastSigBits();
    }

}

业务密钥方法不适合我们。我们使用DB生成的ID、临时临时tempId和重写equal()/hashcode()来解决这个困境。所有实体都是Entity的后代。优点:

DB中没有额外字段 在后代实体中没有额外的编码，一种方法适用于所有的实体 没有性能问题(如UUID)， DB Id生成 使用hashmap没有问题(不需要记住equal & etc的使用)。 新实体的Hashcode即使在持久化后也不会及时更改

缺点:

序列化和反序列化非持久化实体可能会出现问题 从DB重新加载后，保存的实体的Hashcode可能会改变 非持久化对象被认为总是不同的(也许这是对的?) 还有什么?

看看我们的代码:

@MappedSuperclass
abstract public class Entity implements Serializable {

    @Id
    @GeneratedValue
    @Column(nullable = false, updatable = false)
    protected Long id;

    @Transient
    private Long tempId;

    public void setId(Long id) {
        this.id = id;
    }

    public Long getId() {
        return id;
    }

    private void setTempId(Long tempId) {
        this.tempId = tempId;
    }

    // Fix Id on first call from equal() or hashCode()
    private Long getTempId() {
        if (tempId == null)
            // if we have id already, use it, else use 0
            setTempId(getId() == null ? 0 : getId());
        return tempId;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        if (super.equals(obj))
            return true;
        // take proxied object into account
        if (obj == null || !Hibernate.getClass(obj).equals(this.getClass()))
            return false;
        Entity o = (Entity) obj;
        return getTempId() != 0 && o.getTempId() != 0 && getTempId().equals(o.getTempId());
    }

    // hash doesn't change in time
    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return getTempId() == 0 ? super.hashCode() : getTempId().hashCode();
    }
}

我试着自己回答这个问题，直到我读了这篇文章，尤其是画了一个，我才完全满意找到的解决方案。我喜欢他懒创建UUID和最佳存储它的方式。

但我想增加更多的灵活性，即惰性创建UUID仅当hashCode()/equals()被访问时，第一次持久化实体与每个解决方案的优点:

Equals()表示“对象指向相同的逻辑实体” 尽可能使用数据库ID，因为为什么我要做两次工作(性能问题) 防止在尚未持久的实体上访问hashCode()/equals()时出现问题，并在它确实被持久后保持相同的行为

我真的很感激对我的混合解决方案的反馈如下

public class MyEntity { @Id() @Column(name = "ID", length = 20, nullable = false, unique = true) @GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY) private Long id = null; @Transient private UUID uuid = null; @Column(name = "UUID_MOST", nullable = true, unique = false, updatable = false) private Long uuidMostSignificantBits = null; @Column(name = "UUID_LEAST", nullable = true, unique = false, updatable = false) private Long uuidLeastSignificantBits = null; @Override public final int hashCode() { return this.getUuid().hashCode(); } @Override public final boolean equals(Object toBeCompared) { if(this == toBeCompared) { return true; } if(toBeCompared == null) { return false; } if(!this.getClass().isInstance(toBeCompared)) { return false; } return this.getUuid().equals(((MyEntity)toBeCompared).getUuid()); } public final UUID getUuid() { // UUID already accessed on this physical object if(this.uuid != null) { return this.uuid; } // UUID one day generated on this entity before it was persisted if(this.uuidMostSignificantBits != null) { this.uuid = new UUID(this.uuidMostSignificantBits, this.uuidLeastSignificantBits); // UUID never generated on this entity before it was persisted } else if(this.getId() != null) { this.uuid = new UUID(this.getId(), this.getId()); // UUID never accessed on this not yet persisted entity } else { this.setUuid(UUID.randomUUID()); } return this.uuid; } private void setUuid(UUID uuid) { if(uuid == null) { return; } // For the one hypothetical case where generated UUID could colude with UUID build from IDs if(uuid.getMostSignificantBits() == uuid.getLeastSignificantBits()) { throw new Exception("UUID: " + this.getUuid() + " format is only for internal use"); } this.uuidMostSignificantBits = uuid.getMostSignificantBits(); this.uuidLeastSignificantBits = uuid.getLeastSignificantBits(); this.uuid = uuid; }