我的经验法则是:

Use pointers for outgoing or in/out parameters. So it can be seen that the value is going to be changed. (You must use &) Use pointers if NULL parameter is acceptable value. (Make sure it's const if it's an incoming parameter) Use references for incoming parameter if it cannot be NULL and is not a primitive type (const T&). Use pointers or smart pointers when returning a newly created object. Use pointers or smart pointers as struct or class members instead of references. Use references for aliasing (eg. int &current = someArray[i])

无论您使用哪一种，如果参数不明显，请不要忘记记录函数及其参数的含义。

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A consequence of this is that in many implementations, operating on a variable with automatic or static lifetime through a reference, although syntactically similar to accessing it directly, can involve hidden dereference operations that are costly. References are a syntactically controversial feature of C++ because they obscure an identifier's level of indirection; that is, unlike C code where pointers usually stand out syntactically, in a large block of C++ code it may not be immediately obvious if the object being accessed is defined as a local or global variable or whether it is a reference (implicit pointer) to some other location, especially if the code mixes references and pointers. This aspect can make poorly written C++ code harder to read and debug (see Aliasing).

我完全同意这一点，这就是为什么我认为只有在你有充分理由的时候才应该使用推荐信。

对于指针，您需要它们指向某个对象，因此指针需要占用内存空间。

例如，接受整数指针的函数将不接受整数变量。因此，您需要首先为它创建一个指针，以便传递给函数。

作为参考，它不会占用内存。你有一个整数变量，你可以把它作为引用变量传递。就是这样。您不需要专门为它创建引用变量。

从 C++ 常见问题精简版 -

Use references when you can, and pointers when you have to. References are usually preferred over pointers whenever you don't need "reseating". This usually means that references are most useful in a class's public interface. References typically appear on the skin of an object, and pointers on the inside. The exception to the above is where a function's parameter or return value needs a "sentinel" reference — a reference that does not refer to an object. This is usually best done by returning/taking a pointer, and giving the NULL pointer this special significance (references must always alias objects, not a dereferenced NULL pointer). Note: Old line C programmers sometimes don't like references since they provide reference semantics that isn't explicit in the caller's code. After some C++ experience, however, one quickly realizes this is a form of information hiding, which is an asset rather than a liability. E.g., programmers should write code in the language of the problem rather than the language of the machine.

正确编写的示例应该如下所示

void add_one(int& n) { n += 1; }
void add_one(int* const n)
{
  if (n)
    *n += 1;
}

这就是为什么推荐信在可能的情况下更可取 .．.

要记住的要点:

指针可以为NULL，引用不能为NULL。 引用更容易使用，当我们不想改变值而只是需要在函数中引用时，const可以用作引用。 与*一起使用的指针，与&一起使用的引用。 当需要指针算术运算时使用指针。 你可以有指向void类型int a=5的指针;Void *p = &a;但不能有对void类型的引用。

指针Vs参考

void fun(int *a)
{
    cout<<a<<'\n'; // address of a = 0x7fff79f83eac
    cout<<*a<<'\n'; // value at a = 5
    cout<<a+1<<'\n'; // address of a increment by 4 bytes(int) = 0x7fff79f83eb0
    cout<<*(a+1)<<'\n'; // value here is by default = 0
}
void fun(int &a)
{
    cout<<a<<'\n'; // reference of original a passed a = 5
}
int a=5;
fun(&a);
fun(a);

判断什么时候用什么

指针:用于数组、链表、树实现和指针算术。

在函数参数和返回类型中。