如果要搜索额外的语句，如“switch”，我构建了一个扩展Python的Python模块。它被称为ESPY“增强的Python结构”，可用于Python2.x和Python3.x。

例如，在这种情况下，switch语句可以由以下代码执行：

macro switch(arg1):
    while True:
        cont=False
        val=%arg1%
        socket case(arg2):
            if val==%arg2% or cont:
                cont=True
                socket
        socket else:
            socket
        break

可以这样使用：

a=3
switch(a):
    case(0):
        print("Zero")
    case(1):
        print("Smaller than 2"):
        break
    else:
        print ("greater than 1")

所以espy在Python中将其翻译为：

a=3
while True:
    cont=False
    if a==0 or cont:
        cont=True
        print ("Zero")
    if a==1 or cont:
        cont=True
        print ("Smaller than 2")
        break
    print ("greater than 1")
    break

在阅读了公认的答案后，我感到非常困惑，但这一切都清楚了：

def numbers_to_strings(argument):
    switcher = {
        0: "zero",
        1: "one",
        2: "two",
    }
    return switcher.get(argument, "nothing")

该代码类似于：

function(argument){
    switch(argument) {
        case 0:
            return "zero";
        case 1:
            return "one";
        case 2:
            return "two";
        default:
            return "nothing";
    }
}

有关字典映射到函数的详细信息，请查看源代码。

我在谷歌搜索上找不到简单的答案。但我还是想通了。这真的很简单。决定把它贴出来，也许可以防止别人的头上少刮几下。关键是简单的“in”和元组。下面是带有直通的switch语句行为，包括RANDOM直通。

l = ['Dog', 'Cat', 'Bird', 'Bigfoot',
     'Dragonfly', 'Snake', 'Bat', 'Loch Ness Monster']

for x in l:
    if x in ('Dog', 'Cat'):
        x += " has four legs"
    elif x in ('Bat', 'Bird', 'Dragonfly'):
        x += " has wings."
    elif x in ('Snake',):
        x += " has a forked tongue."
    else:
        x += " is a big mystery by default."
    print(x)

print()

for x in range(10):
    if x in (0, 1):
        x = "Values 0 and 1 caught here."
    elif x in (2,):
        x = "Value 2 caught here."
    elif x in (3, 7, 8):
        x = "Values 3, 7, 8 caught here."
    elif x in (4, 6):
        x = "Values 4 and 6 caught here"
    else:
        x = "Values 5 and 9 caught in default."
    print(x)

提供：

Dog has four legs
Cat has four legs
Bird has wings.
Bigfoot is a big mystery by default.
Dragonfly has wings.
Snake has a forked tongue.
Bat has wings.
Loch Ness Monster is a big mystery by default.

Values 0 and 1 caught here.
Values 0 and 1 caught here.
Value 2 caught here.
Values 3, 7, 8 caught here.
Values 4 and 6 caught here
Values 5 and 9 caught in default.
Values 4 and 6 caught here
Values 3, 7, 8 caught here.
Values 3, 7, 8 caught here.
Values 5 and 9 caught in default.

我倾向于使用字典的解决方案是：

def decision_time( key, *args, **kwargs):
    def action1()
        """This function is a closure - and has access to all the arguments"""
        pass
    def action2()
        """This function is a closure - and has access to all the arguments"""
        pass
    def action3()
        """This function is a closure - and has access to all the arguments"""
        pass

   return {1:action1, 2:action2, 3:action3}.get(key,default)()

这样做的优点是它不需要每次都对函数求值，您只需确保外部函数获得内部函数所需的所有信息。

如果您想要默认值，可以使用dictionary get（key[，default]）函数：

def f(x):
    return {
        'a': 1,
        'b': 2
    }.get(x, 9)    # 9 will be returned default if x is not found

Python 3.10（2021）引入了match-case语句，该语句提供了Pythons“switch”的一流实现。例如：

def f(x):
    match x:
        case 'a':
            return 1
        case 'b':
            return 2
        case _:
            return 0   # 0 is the default case if x is not found

match-case语句比这个简单的示例强大得多。

以下原始答案写于2008年，当时还未提供匹配案例：

你可以用字典：

def f(x):
    return {
        'a': 1,
        'b': 2,
    }[x]