我们都被教导必须释放每个已分配的指针。不过，我有点好奇不释放内存的真正代价。在一些明显的情况下，比如在循环内部或线程执行的一部分调用malloc()时，释放是非常重要的，这样就不会有内存泄漏。但是考虑下面两个例子:
首先，如果我有这样的代码:
int main()
{
char *a = malloc(1024);
/* Do some arbitrary stuff with 'a' (no alloc functions) */
return 0;
}
真正的结果是什么?我的想法是进程死亡，然后堆空间也消失了，所以错过对free的调用没有什么坏处(然而，我确实认识到无论如何拥有它对于闭包、可维护性和良好实践的重要性)。我这样想对吗?
Second, let's say I have a program that acts a bit like a shell. Users can declare variables like aaa = 123 and those are stored in some dynamic data structure for later use. Clearly, it seems obvious that you'd use some solution that will calls some *alloc function (hashmap, linked list, something like that). For this kind of program, it doesn't make sense to ever free after calling malloc because these variables must be present at all times during the program's execution and there's no good way (that I can see) to implement this with statically allocated space. Is it bad design to have a bunch of memory that's allocated but only freed as part of the process ending? If so, what's the alternative?
It depends on the OS environment the program is running in, as others have already noted, and for long running processes, freeing memory and avoiding even very slow leaks is important always. But if the operating system deals with stuff, as Unix has done for example since probably forever, then you don't need to free memory, nor close files (the kernel closes all open file descriptors when a process exits.)
If your program allocates a lot of memory, it may even be beneficial to exit without "hesitation". I find that when I quit Firefox, it spends several !minutes ! paging in gigabytes of memory in many processes. I guess this is due to having to call destructors on C++ objects. This is actually terrible. Some might argue, that this is necessary to save state consistently, but in my opinion, long-running interactive programs like browsers, editors and design programs, just to mention a few, should ensure that any state information, preferences, open windows/pages, documents etc is frequently written to permanent storage, to avoid loss of work in case of a crash. Then this state-saving can be performed again quickly when the user elects to quit, and when completed, the processes should just exit immediately.
一旦我确定我已经完成了每个分配的块，我通常会释放它。今天，我的程序的入口点可能是main(int argc, char *argv[])，但明天它可能是foo_entry_point(char **args, struct foo *f)，并类型为函数指针。
所以，如果发生这种情况，我现在就有了漏洞。
关于你的第二个问题，如果我的程序输入a=5，我会为a分配空间，或者在后续的a="foo"上重新分配相同的空间。这笔款项将继续分配至:
用户输入'unset a'
我的清理功能被输入，要么服务一个信号，要么用户输入“退出”
我想不出有哪个现代操作系统在进程退出后不回收内存。free()很便宜，为什么不清理一下呢?正如其他人所说，像valgrind这样的工具对于发现您确实需要担心的泄漏非常有用。即使你示例中的块被标记为“仍然可达”，当你试图确保没有泄漏时，它只是输出中的额外噪音。
另一个误区是“如果它在main()中，我就不必释放它”，这是不正确的。考虑以下几点:
char *t;
for (i=0; i < 255; i++) {
t = strdup(foo->name);
let_strtok_eat_away_at(t);
}
如果这发生在fork / daemonizing(理论上永远运行)之前，那么您的程序已经泄漏了255次大小不确定的t。
一个好的，编写良好的程序应该总是自我清理。释放所有内存，刷新所有文件，关闭所有描述符，解除所有临时文件的链接等等。应该在正常终止或接收到各种致命信号时执行此清理功能，除非您想要保留一些文件以便检测崩溃并恢复。
真的，当你去做其他事情的时候，要善待那些不得不维护你的东西的可怜人。递给他们“valgrind clean”:)
在OSTEP操作系统本科课程的在线教科书中，有一个章节恰好讨论了你的问题。
相关的章节是在第6页的内存API章节中“忘记释放内存”，给出了如下解释:
在某些情况下，不调用free()似乎是合理的。为
例如，你的程序是短命的，很快就会退出;在这种情况下，
当进程死亡时，操作系统将清理它分配的所有页面
因此，内存泄漏本身不会发生。虽然这当然“有效”
(见第7页的旁白)，这可能是一个坏习惯，所以要警惕
选择这样的策略
这段摘录是在介绍虚拟内存概念的上下文中。基本上，在本书的这一点上，作者解释了操作系统的目标之一是“虚拟化内存”，也就是说，让每个程序都相信它可以访问一个非常大的内存地址空间。
在幕后，操作系统会将用户看到的“虚拟地址”转换为指向物理内存的实际地址。
但是，共享物理内存等资源需要操作系统跟踪哪些进程正在使用它。因此，如果一个进程终止，那么在操作系统的能力和设计目标范围内回收该进程的内存，以便它可以重新分配并与其他进程共享内存。
编辑:节选中提到的旁白复制如下。
ASIDE: WHY NO MEMORY IS LEAKED ONCE YOUR PROCESS EXITS
When you write a short-lived program, you might allocate some space
using malloc(). The program runs and is about to complete: is there
need to call free() a bunch of times just before exiting? While it seems
wrong not to, no memory will be "lost" in any real sense. The reason is
simple: there are really two levels of memory management in the system.
The first level of memory management is performed by the OS, which
hands out memory to processes when they run, and takes it back when
processes exit (or otherwise die). The second level of management
is within each process, for example within the heap when you call
malloc() and free(). Even if you fail to call free() (and thus leak
memory in the heap), the operating system will reclaim all the memory of
the process (including those pages for code, stack, and, as relevant here,
heap) when the program is finished running. No matter what the state
of your heap in your address space, the OS takes back all of those pages
when the process dies, thus ensuring that no memory is lost despite the
fact that you didn’t free it.
Thus, for short-lived programs, leaking memory often does not cause any
operational problems (though it may be considered poor form). When
you write a long-running server (such as a web server or database management
system, which never exit), leaked memory is a much bigger issue,
and will eventually lead to a crash when the application runs out of
memory. And of course, leaking memory is an even larger issue inside
one particular program: the operating system itself. Showing us once
again: those who write the kernel code have the toughest job of all...
from Page 7 of Memory API chapter of
Operating Systems: Three Easy Pieces
Remzi H. Arpaci-Dusseau and Andrea C. Arpaci-Dusseau
Arpaci-Dusseau Books
March, 2015 (Version 0.90)
