你可以在lambdas和defaultdict中使用递归，不需要定义名称:

a = defaultdict((lambda f: f(f))(lambda g: lambda:defaultdict(g(g))))

这里有一个例子:

>>> a['new jersey']['mercer county']['plumbers']=3
>>> a['new jersey']['middlesex county']['programmers']=81
>>> a['new jersey']['mercer county']['programmers']=81
>>> a['new jersey']['middlesex county']['salesmen']=62
>>> a
defaultdict(<function __main__.<lambda>>,
        {'new jersey': defaultdict(<function __main__.<lambda>>,
                     {'mercer county': defaultdict(<function __main__.<lambda>>,
                                  {'plumbers': 3, 'programmers': 81}),
                      'middlesex county': defaultdict(<function __main__.<lambda>>,
                                  {'programmers': 81, 'salesmen': 62})})})

我喜欢把它包装在一个类中，并实现__getitem__和__setitem__，这样它们就实现了一个简单的查询语言:

>>> d['new jersey/mercer county/plumbers'] = 3
>>> d['new jersey/mercer county/programmers'] = 81
>>> d['new jersey/mercer county/programmers']
81
>>> d['new jersey/mercer country']
<view which implicitly adds 'new jersey/mercer county' to queries/mutations>

如果你想要更花哨，你也可以实现如下内容:

>>> d['*/*/programmers']
<view which would contain 'programmers' entries>

但大多数情况下，我认为这样的事情执行起来真的很有趣:D

至于“讨厌的尝试/捕捉障碍”:

d = {}
d.setdefault('key',{}).setdefault('inner key',{})['inner inner key'] = 'value'
print d

收益率

{'key': {'inner key': {'inner inner key': 'value'}}}

你可以使用它从你的平面字典格式转换为结构化格式:

fd = {('new jersey', 'mercer county', 'plumbers'): 3,
 ('new jersey', 'mercer county', 'programmers'): 81,
 ('new jersey', 'middlesex county', 'programmers'): 81,
 ('new jersey', 'middlesex county', 'salesmen'): 62,
 ('new york', 'queens county', 'plumbers'): 9,
 ('new york', 'queens county', 'salesmen'): 36}

for (k1,k2,k3), v in fd.iteritems():
    d.setdefault(k1, {}).setdefault(k2, {})[k3] = v

class AutoVivification(dict):
    """Implementation of perl's autovivification feature."""
    def __getitem__(self, item):
        try:
            return dict.__getitem__(self, item)
        except KeyError:
            value = self[item] = type(self)()
            return value

测试:

a = AutoVivification()

a[1][2][3] = 4
a[1][3][3] = 5
a[1][2]['test'] = 6

print a

输出:

{1: {2: {'test': 6, 3: 4}, 3: {3: 5}}}

我也有类似的事情。我有很多这样的案例:

thedict = {}
for item in ('foo', 'bar', 'baz'):
  mydict = thedict.get(item, {})
  mydict = get_value_for(item)
  thedict[item] = mydict

但要深入很多层次。这是“。”Get (item，{})"，这是一个键，因为如果已经没有字典，它将创建另一个字典。与此同时，我一直在想办法对付 这个更好。现在，有很多

value = mydict.get('foo', {}).get('bar', {}).get('baz', 0)

所以，我做了:

def dictgetter(thedict, default, *args):
  totalargs = len(args)
  for i,arg in enumerate(args):
    if i+1 == totalargs:
      thedict = thedict.get(arg, default)
    else:
      thedict = thedict.get(arg, {})
  return thedict

如果你这样做，效果是一样的:

value = dictgetter(mydict, 0, 'foo', 'bar', 'baz')

更好吗?我想是的。

由于您有一个星型模式设计，您可能希望它的结构更像一个关系表，而不是字典。

import collections

class Jobs( object ):
    def __init__( self, state, county, title, count ):
        self.state= state
        self.count= county
        self.title= title
        self.count= count

facts = [
    Jobs( 'new jersey', 'mercer county', 'plumbers', 3 ),
    ...

def groupBy( facts, name ):
    total= collections.defaultdict( int )
    for f in facts:
        key= getattr( f, name )
        total[key] += f.count

这类事情对于创建一个没有SQL开销的类似数据仓库的设计大有帮助。