用最简单的话来说:P 如果在一个代码块上执行多个线程是安全的，那么它就是线程安全的*

*适用条件

条件被其他的答案提到，比如 1. 如果你执行一个线程或多个线程，结果应该是相同的。

一个更容易理解的方法是，是什么使代码不是线程安全的。有两个主要问题会使线程应用程序产生不需要的行为。

Accessing shared variable without locking This variable could be modified by another thread while executing the function. You want to prevent it with a locking mechanism to be sure of the behavior of your function. General rule of thumb is to keep the lock for the shortest time possible. Deadlock caused by mutual dependency on shared variable If you have two shared variable A and B. In one function, you lock A first then later you lock B. In another function, you start locking B and after a while, you lock A. This is a potential deadlock where first function will wait for B to be unlocked when second function will wait for A to be unlocked. This issue will probably not occur in your development environment and only from time to time. To avoid it, all locks must always be in the same order.

让我们举个例子来回答这个问题:

class NonThreadSafe {

    private int count = 0;

    public boolean countTo10() {
        count = count + 1;
        return (count == 10);
    }

countTo10方法将1加到计数器上，如果计数达到10则返回true。它应该只返回true一次。

只要只有一个线程在运行代码，这就可以工作。如果两个线程同时运行代码，就会出现各种问题。

例如，如果count从9开始，一个线程可以将1加到count(得到10)，但随后第二个线程可以进入该方法，在第一个线程有机会执行与10的比较之前再次加1(得到11)。然后两个线程进行比较，发现count是11，并且都不返回true。

所以这段代码不是线程安全的。

从本质上讲，所有多线程问题都是由这类问题的某些变体引起的。

解决方案是确保加法和比较操作不能分开(例如，用某种同步代码包围这两个语句)，或者设计一个不需要两个操作的解决方案。这样的代码是线程安全的。

一个信息量更大的问题是，是什么使代码不线程安全——答案是，有四个条件必须成立……想象一下下面的代码(它是机器语言翻译)

totalRequests = totalRequests + 1
MOV EAX, [totalRequests]   // load memory for tot Requests into register
INC EAX                    // update register
MOV [totalRequests], EAX   // store updated value back to memory

The first condition is that there are memory locations that are accessible from more than one thread. Typically, these locations are global/static variables or are heap memory reachable from global/static variables. Each thread gets its own stack frame for function/method scoped local variables, so these local function/method variables, otoh, (which are on the stack) are accessible only from the one thread that owns that stack. The second condition is that there is a property (often called an invariant), which is associated with these shared memory locations, that must be true, or valid, for the program to function correctly. In the above example, the property is that “totalRequests must accurately represent the total number of times any thread has executed any part of the increment statement”. Typically, this invariant property needs to hold true (in this case, totalRequests must hold an accurate count) before an update occurs for the update to be correct. The third condition is that the invariant property does NOT hold during some part of the actual update. (It is transiently invalid or false during some portion of the processing). In this particular case, from the time totalRequests is fetched until the time the updated value is stored, totalRequests does not satisfy the invariant. The fourth and final condition that must occur for a race to happen (and for the code to therefore NOT be "thread-safe") is that another thread must be able to access the shared memory while the invariant is broken, thereby causing inconsistent or incorrect behavior.

从本质上讲，在多线程环境中，许多事情都可能出错(指令重新排序，部分构造的对象，由于CPU级别的缓存，相同的变量在不同的线程中具有不同的值等)。

我喜欢Java并发实践中给出的定义:

如果一个[部分代码]在从多个线程访问时行为正确，那么它就是线程安全的，而不考虑运行时环境对这些线程的调度或交错执行，并且在调用代码方面没有额外的同步或其他协调。

正确的意思是程序的行为符合它的规范。

的例子

假设您实现了一个计数器。你可以说它的行为是正确的，如果:

Counter.next()从不返回之前已经返回过的值(为了简单起见，我们假设没有溢出等) 从0到当前值的所有值都已在某个阶段返回(没有跳过任何值)

线程安全计数器将根据这些规则进行操作，而不管并发有多少线程访问它(通常不是简单实现的情况)。

注意:交叉贴在程序员上

正如其他人所指出的，线程安全意味着如果一段代码同时被多个线程使用，那么它将正常工作。

值得注意的是，这有时是有代价的，计算机时间和更复杂的编码，所以它并不总是可取的。如果一个类只能安全地在一个线程上使用，那么这样做可能会更好。

例如，Java有两个几乎相同的类:StringBuffer和StringBuilder。不同之处在于StringBuffer是线程安全的，因此StringBuffer的单个实例可以同时被多个线程使用。StringBuilder不是线程安全的，它被设计为仅由一个线程构建String的情况下(绝大多数情况下)的高性能替代品。