这是否意味着两个线程不能同时更改底层数据?或者它是否意味着当多个线程执行给定的代码段时,该代码段将以可预测的结果运行?


当前回答

从本质上讲,在多线程环境中,许多事情都可能出错(指令重新排序,部分构造的对象,由于CPU级别的缓存,相同的变量在不同的线程中具有不同的值等)。

我喜欢Java并发实践中给出的定义:

如果一个[部分代码]在从多个线程访问时行为正确,那么它就是线程安全的,而不考虑运行时环境对这些线程的调度或交错执行,并且在调用代码方面没有额外的同步或其他协调。

正确的意思是程序的行为符合它的规范。

的例子

假设您实现了一个计数器。你可以说它的行为是正确的,如果:

Counter.next()从不返回之前已经返回过的值(为了简单起见,我们假设没有溢出等) 从0到当前值的所有值都已在某个阶段返回(没有跳过任何值)

线程安全计数器将根据这些规则进行操作,而不管并发有多少线程访问它(通常不是简单实现的情况)。

注意:交叉贴在程序员上

其他回答

是也不是。

线程安全不仅仅是确保共享数据一次只能被一个线程访问。您必须确保对共享数据的顺序访问,同时避免竞争条件、死锁、活动锁和资源短缺。

当多个线程同时运行时,不可预知的结果并不是线程安全代码的必要条件,但这通常是一种副产品。例如,您可以使用一个共享队列、一个生产者线程和几个消费者线程来设置生产者-消费者方案,并且数据流可能完全可预测。如果你开始引入更多的消费者,你会看到更多随机的结果。

一个更容易理解的方法是,是什么使代码不是线程安全的。有两个主要问题会使线程应用程序产生不需要的行为。

Accessing shared variable without locking This variable could be modified by another thread while executing the function. You want to prevent it with a locking mechanism to be sure of the behavior of your function. General rule of thumb is to keep the lock for the shortest time possible. Deadlock caused by mutual dependency on shared variable If you have two shared variable A and B. In one function, you lock A first then later you lock B. In another function, you start locking B and after a while, you lock A. This is a potential deadlock where first function will wait for B to be unlocked when second function will wait for A to be unlocked. This issue will probably not occur in your development environment and only from time to time. To avoid it, all locks must always be in the same order.

与其认为代码或类是线程安全的,我认为将操作视为线程安全的更有帮助。如果两个操作在从任意线程上下文运行时按照指定的方式运行,那么它们就是线程安全的。在许多情况下,类将以线程安全的方式支持一些操作组合,而其他则不支持。

例如,许多像数组列表和散列集这样的集合可以保证,如果它们最初只由一个线程访问,并且在引用对任何其他线程可见后永远不会被修改,那么它们可以被任何线程组合以任意方式读取而不受干扰。

More interestingly, some hash-set collections such as the original non-generic one in .NET, may offer a guarantee that as long as no item is ever removed, and provided that only one thread ever writes to them, any thread that tries to read the collection will behave as though accessing a collection where updates might be delayed and occur in arbitrary order, but which will otherwise behave normally. If thread #1 adds X and then Y, and thread #2 looks for and sees Y and then X, it would be possible for thread #2 to see that Y exists but X doesn't; whether or not such behavior is "thread-safe" would depend upon whether thread #2 is prepared to deal with that possibility.

As a final note, some classes--especially blocking communications libraries--may have a "close" or "Dispose" method which is thread-safe with respect to all other methods, but no other methods that are thread-safe with respect to each other. If a thread performs a blocking read request and a user of the program clicks "cancel", there would be no way for a close request to be issued by the thread that's attempting to perform the read. The close/dispose request, however, may asynchronously set a flag which will cause the read request to be canceled as soon as possible. Once close is performed on any thread, the object would become useless, and all attempts at future actions would fail immediately, but being able to asynchronously terminate any attempted I/O operations is better than require that the close request be synchronized with the read (since if the read blocks forever, the synchronization request would be likewise blocked).

让我们举个例子来回答这个问题:

class NonThreadSafe {

    private int count = 0;

    public boolean countTo10() {
        count = count + 1;
        return (count == 10);
    }

countTo10方法将1加到计数器上,如果计数达到10则返回true。它应该只返回true一次。

只要只有一个线程在运行代码,这就可以工作。如果两个线程同时运行代码,就会出现各种问题。

例如,如果count从9开始,一个线程可以将1加到count(得到10),但随后第二个线程可以进入该方法,在第一个线程有机会执行与10的比较之前再次加1(得到11)。然后两个线程进行比较,发现count是11,并且都不返回true。

所以这段代码不是线程安全的。

从本质上讲,所有多线程问题都是由这类问题的某些变体引起的。

解决方案是确保加法和比较操作不能分开(例如,用某种同步代码包围这两个语句),或者设计一个不需要两个操作的解决方案。这样的代码是线程安全的。

不要将线程安全性与决定论混淆。线程安全代码也可以是非确定性的。考虑到使用线程代码调试问题的难度,这可能是正常的情况。: -)

线程安全只是确保当一个线程修改或读取共享数据时,没有其他线程可以以改变数据的方式访问它。如果代码依赖于特定的执行顺序来确保正确性,那么除了线程安全所需的同步机制之外,还需要其他同步机制来确保这一点。