我认为这里提到的最好的方法是在mongod 3.4.4+中，但不使用$unwind操作符，只使用管道中的两个阶段。相反，我们可以使用$mergeObjects和$objectToArray操作符。

在$group阶段，我们使用$mergeObjects操作符返回一个文档，其中键/值来自集合中的所有文档。

然后是$project，我们使用$map和$objectToArray返回键。

let allTopLevelKeys =  [
    {
        "$group": {
            "_id": null,
            "array": {
                "$mergeObjects": "$$ROOT"
            }
        }
    },
    {
        "$project": {
            "keys": {
                "$map": {
                    "input": { "$objectToArray": "$array" },
                    "in": "$$this.k"
                }
            }
        }
    }
];

现在，如果我们有一个嵌套的文档，想要获得键，这是可行的。为了简单起见，让我们考虑一个包含简单嵌入式文档的文档，它看起来像这样:

{field1: {field2: "abc"}, field3: "def"}
{field1: {field3: "abc"}, field4: "def"}

下面的管道会生成所有的键(field1, field2, field3, field4)。

let allFistSecondLevelKeys = [
    {
        "$group": {
            "_id": null,
            "array": {
                "$mergeObjects": "$$ROOT"
            }
        }
    },
    {
        "$project": {
            "keys": {
                "$setUnion": [
                    {
                        "$map": {
                            "input": {
                                "$reduce": {
                                    "input": {
                                        "$map": {
                                            "input": {
                                                "$objectToArray": "$array"
                                            },
                                            "in": {
                                                "$cond": [
                                                    {
                                                        "$eq": [
                                                            {
                                                                "$type": "$$this.v"
                                                            },
                                                            "object"
                                                        ]
                                                    },
                                                    {
                                                        "$objectToArray": "$$this.v"
                                                    },
                                                    [
                                                        "$$this"
                                                    ]
                                                ]
                                            }
                                        }
                                    },
                                    "initialValue": [

                                    ],
                                    "in": {
                                        "$concatArrays": [
                                            "$$this",
                                            "$$value"
                                        ]
                                    }
                                }
                            },
                            "in": "$$this.k"
                        }
                    }
                ]
            }
        }
    }
]

只需稍加努力，我们就可以获得数组字段中所有子文档的键，其中元素也是object。

基于@Wolkenarchitekt的回答:https://stackoverflow.com/a/48117846/8808983，我写了一个脚本，可以在db中找到所有键的模式，我认为它可以帮助其他人阅读这个线程:

"""
Python 3
This script get list of patterns and print the collections that contains fields with this patterns.
"""

import argparse

import pymongo
from bson import Code


# initialize mongo connection:
def get_db():
    client = pymongo.MongoClient("172.17.0.2")
    db = client["Data"]
    return db


def get_commandline_options():
    description = "To run use: python db_fields_pattern_finder.py -p <list_of_patterns>"
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=description)
    parser.add_argument('-p', '--patterns', nargs="+", help='List of patterns to look for in the db.', required=True)
    return parser.parse_args()


def report_matching_fields(relevant_fields_by_collection):
    print("Matches:")

    for collection_name in relevant_fields_by_collection:
        if relevant_fields_by_collection[collection_name]:
            print(f"{collection_name}: {relevant_fields_by_collection[collection_name]}")

    # pprint(relevant_fields_by_collection)


def get_collections_names(db):
    """
    :param pymongo.database.Database db:
    :return list: collections names
    """
    return db.list_collection_names()


def get_keys(db, collection):
    """
    See: https://stackoverflow.com/a/48117846/8808983
    :param db:
    :param collection:
    :return:
    """
    map = Code("function() { for (var key in this) { emit(key, null); } }")
    reduce = Code("function(key, stuff) { return null; }")
    result = db[collection].map_reduce(map, reduce, "myresults")
    return result.distinct('_id')


def get_fields(db, collection_names):
    fields_by_collections = {}
    for collection_name in collection_names:
        fields_by_collections[collection_name] = get_keys(db, collection_name)
    return fields_by_collections


def get_matches_fields(fields_by_collections, patterns):
    relevant_fields_by_collection = {}
    for collection_name in fields_by_collections:
        relevant_fields = [field for field in fields_by_collections[collection_name] if
                           [pattern for pattern in patterns if
                            pattern in field]]
        relevant_fields_by_collection[collection_name] = relevant_fields

    return relevant_fields_by_collection


def main(patterns):
    """
    :param list patterns: List of strings to look for in the db.
    """
    db = get_db()

    collection_names = get_collections_names(db)
    fields_by_collections = get_fields(db, collection_names)
    relevant_fields_by_collection = get_matches_fields(fields_by_collections, patterns)

    report_matching_fields(relevant_fields_by_collection)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    args = get_commandline_options()
    main(args.patterns)

我们可以通过使用mongo js文件来实现这一点。在getCollectionName.js文件中添加以下代码，并在Linux控制台中运行js文件，如下所示:

mongodb——host 192.168.1.135 getCollectionName.js

db_set = connect("192.168.1.135:27017/database_set_name"); // for Local testing
// db_set.auth("username_of_db", "password_of_db"); // if required

db_set.getMongo().setSlaveOk();

var collectionArray = db_set.getCollectionNames();

collectionArray.forEach(function(collectionName){

    if ( collectionName == 'system.indexes' || collectionName == 'system.profile' || collectionName == 'system.users' ) {
        return;
    }

    print("\nCollection Name = "+collectionName);
    print("All Fields :\n");

    var arrayOfFieldNames = []; 
    var items = db_set[collectionName].find();
    // var items = db_set[collectionName].find().sort({'_id':-1}).limit(100); // if you want fast & scan only last 100 records of each collection
    while(items.hasNext()) {
        var item = items.next(); 
        for(var index in item) {
            arrayOfFieldNames[index] = index;
        }
    }
    for (var index in arrayOfFieldNames) {
        print(index);
    }

});

quit();

由于@ackuser

我知道我来晚了，但如果你想在python中快速找到所有键(甚至嵌套的键)，你可以用递归函数来做:

def get_keys(dl, keys=None):
    keys = keys or []
    if isinstance(dl, dict):
        keys += dl.keys()
        list(map(lambda x: get_keys(x, keys), dl.values()))
    elif isinstance(dl, list):
        list(map(lambda x: get_keys(x, keys), dl))
    return list(set(keys))

像这样使用它:

dl = db.things.find_one({})
get_keys(dl)

如果你的文件没有相同的密钥，你可以这样做:

dl = db.things.find({})
list(set(list(map(get_keys, dl))[0]))

但是这个解决方案肯定是可以优化的。

一般来说，这个解决方案基本上是解决在嵌套字典中查找键，所以这不是mongodb特定的。

使用python。返回集合中所有顶级键的集合:

#Using pymongo and connection named 'db'

reduce(
    lambda all_keys, rec_keys: all_keys | set(rec_keys), 
    map(lambda d: d.keys(), db.things.find()), 
    set()
)

我知道这个问题已经10年了，但是c#没有解决方案，我花了好几个小时才弄清楚。我正在使用。net驱动程序和系统。Linq返回键的列表。

var map = new BsonJavaScript("function() { for (var key in this) { emit(key, null); } }");
var reduce = new BsonJavaScript("function(key, stuff) { return null; }");
var options = new MapReduceOptions<BsonDocument, BsonDocument>();
var result = await collection.MapReduceAsync(map, reduce, options);
var list = result.ToEnumerable().Select(item => item["_id"].ToString());