我一直在安卓SDK平台上工作,现在还不清楚如何保存应用程序的状态。因此,考虑到“你好,Android”示例的这个小的重新设计:
package com.android.hello;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.widget.TextView;
public class HelloAndroid extends Activity {
private TextView mTextView = null;
/** Called when the activity is first created. */
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
mTextView = new TextView(this);
if (savedInstanceState == null) {
mTextView.setText("Welcome to HelloAndroid!");
} else {
mTextView.setText("Welcome back.");
}
setContentView(mTextView);
}
}
我认为这对于最简单的情况来说已经足够了,但无论我如何离开应用程序,它总是以第一条消息来响应。
我确信解决方案就像重写onPause之类的东西一样简单,但我已经在文档中翻了大约30分钟,没有发现任何明显的东西。
使用Android ViewModel和SavedStateHandle持久化可序列化数据
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
ActivityMainBinding binding = ActivityMainBinding.inflate(getLayoutInflater());
binding.setViewModel(new ViewModelProvider(this).get(ViewModel.class));
binding.setLifecycleOwner(this);
setContentView(binding.getRoot());
}
public static class ViewModel extends AndroidViewModel {
//This field SURVIVE the background process reclaim/killing & the configuration change
public final SavedStateHandle savedStateHandle;
//This field NOT SURVIVE the background process reclaim/killing but SURVIVE the configuration change
public final MutableLiveData<String> inputText2 = new MutableLiveData<>();
public ViewModel(@NonNull Application application, SavedStateHandle savedStateHandle) {
super(application);
this.savedStateHandle = savedStateHandle;
}
}
}
在布局文件中
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<layout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
<data>
<variable
name="viewModel"
type="com.xxx.viewmodelsavedstatetest.MainActivity.ViewModel" />
</data>
<LinearLayout xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent"
android:orientation="vertical"
tools:context=".MainActivity">
<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:autofillHints=""
android:hint="This field SURVIVE the background process reclaim/killing & the configuration change"
android:text='@={(String)viewModel.savedStateHandle.getLiveData("activity_main/inputText", "")}' />
<SeekBar
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:max="100"
android:progress='@={(Integer)viewModel.savedStateHandle.getLiveData("activity_main/progress", 50)}' />
<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="This field SURVIVE the background process reclaim/killing & the configuration change"
android:text='@={(String)viewModel.savedStateHandle.getLiveData("activity_main/inputText", "")}' />
<SeekBar
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:max="100"
android:progress='@={(Integer)viewModel.savedStateHandle.getLiveData("activity_main/progress", 50)}' />
<EditText
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:hint="This field NOT SURVIVE the background process reclaim/killing but SURVIVE the configuration change"
android:text='@={viewModel.inputText2}' />
</LinearLayout>
</layout>
测试:
1. start the test activity
2. press home key to go home
3. adb shell kill <the test activity process>
4. open recent app list and restart the test activity
我的问题是,我只在应用程序生命周期内需要持久性(即一次执行,包括在同一应用程序内启动其他子活动和旋转设备等)。我尝试了以上答案的各种组合,但在所有情况下都没有得到我想要的答案。最后,对我有用的是在onCreate期间获取savedInstanceState的引用:
mySavedInstanceState=savedInstanceState;
并在需要时使用它来获取变量的内容,如下所示:
if (mySavedInstanceState !=null) {
boolean myVariable = mySavedInstanceState.getBoolean("MyVariable");
}
如上所述,我使用了onSaveInstanceState和onRestoreInstanceState,但我想我也可以或替代地使用我的方法在变量更改时保存变量(例如,使用putBoolean)
我的同事写了一篇文章,解释了Android设备上的应用程序状态,包括活动生命周期和状态信息的解释,如何存储状态信息,以及保存到状态Bundle和SharedPreferences。看看这里。
本文涵盖三种方法:
使用实例状态包存储应用程序生存期(即临时)的本地变量/UI控制数据
[Code sample – Store state in state bundle]
@Override
public void onSaveInstanceState(Bundle savedInstanceState)
{
// Store UI state to the savedInstanceState.
// This bundle will be passed to onCreate on next call. EditText txtName = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.txtName);
String strName = txtName.getText().toString();
EditText txtEmail = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.txtEmail);
String strEmail = txtEmail.getText().toString();
CheckBox chkTandC = (CheckBox)findViewById(R.id.chkTandC);
boolean blnTandC = chkTandC.isChecked();
savedInstanceState.putString(“Name”, strName);
savedInstanceState.putString(“Email”, strEmail);
savedInstanceState.putBoolean(“TandC”, blnTandC);
super.onSaveInstanceState(savedInstanceState);
}
使用共享首选项在应用程序实例之间(即永久)存储本地变量/UI控制数据
[Code sample – store state in SharedPreferences]
@Override
protected void onPause()
{
super.onPause();
// Store values between instances here
SharedPreferences preferences = getPreferences(MODE_PRIVATE);
SharedPreferences.Editor editor = preferences.edit(); // Put the values from the UI
EditText txtName = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.txtName);
String strName = txtName.getText().toString();
EditText txtEmail = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.txtEmail);
String strEmail = txtEmail.getText().toString();
CheckBox chkTandC = (CheckBox)findViewById(R.id.chkTandC);
boolean blnTandC = chkTandC.isChecked();
editor.putString(“Name”, strName); // value to store
editor.putString(“Email”, strEmail); // value to store
editor.putBoolean(“TandC”, blnTandC); // value to store
// Commit to storage
editor.commit();
}
使用保留的非配置实例在应用程序生存期内的活动之间保持对象实例在内存中的活动状态
[Code sample – store object instance]
private cMyClassType moInstanceOfAClass; // Store the instance of an object
@Override
public Object onRetainNonConfigurationInstance()
{
if (moInstanceOfAClass != null) // Check that the object exists
return(moInstanceOfAClass);
return super.onRetainNonConfigurationInstance();
}
直接回答原始问题。savedInstancestate为空,因为从未重新创建“活动”。
只有在以下情况下,才能使用状态捆绑包重新创建“活动”:
配置更改,例如更改方向或电话语言,这可能需要创建新的活动实例。操作系统破坏活动后,您从后台返回应用程序。
Android会在内存压力下或在后台工作一段时间后破坏后台活动。
测试hello world示例时,有几种方法可以离开并返回“活动”。
按下后退按钮后,“活动”结束。重新启动应用程序是一个全新的例子。你根本没有从后台恢复。当您按下主页按钮或使用任务切换器时,“活动”将进入后台。当导航回应用程序时,只有在必须销毁“活动”时才会调用onCreate。
在大多数情况下,如果你只是按下home键,然后再次启动应用程序,则不需要重新创建活动。它已经存在于内存中,因此不会调用onCreate()。
在“设置”->“开发人员选项”下有一个名为“不保留活动”的选项。当它被启用时,安卓系统总是会破坏活动,并在后台重新创建它们。这是一个在开发时保持启用状态的好选项,因为它模拟了最坏的情况。(内存不足的设备会一直回收您的活动)。
其他的答案很有价值,因为它们教会了你正确的存储状态的方法,但我觉得它们并没有真正回答为什么你的代码没有按照你期望的方式工作。
Kotlin解决方案:对于onSaveInstanceState中的自定义类保存,您可以将类转换为JSON字符串并使用Gson转换进行恢复,对于单字符串、双精度、Int、Long值保存和恢复,如下所示。以下示例适用于片段和活动:
对于活动:
对于将数据放入saveInstanceState:
override fun onSaveInstanceState(outState: Bundle) {
super.onSaveInstanceState(outState)
//for custom class-----
val gson = Gson()
val json = gson.toJson(your_custom_class)
outState.putString("CUSTOM_CLASS", json)
//for single value------
outState.putString("MyString", stringValue)
outState.putBoolean("MyBoolean", true)
outState.putDouble("myDouble", doubleValue)
outState.putInt("MyInt", intValue)
}
还原数据:
override fun onRestoreInstanceState(savedInstanceState: Bundle) {
super.onRestoreInstanceState(savedInstanceState)
//for custom class restore
val json = savedInstanceState?.getString("CUSTOM_CLASS")
if (!json!!.isEmpty()) {
val gson = Gson()
testBundle = gson.fromJson(json, Session::class.java)
}
//for single value restore
val myBoolean: Boolean = savedInstanceState?.getBoolean("MyBoolean")
val myDouble: Double = savedInstanceState?.getDouble("myDouble")
val myInt: Int = savedInstanceState?.getInt("MyInt")
val myString: String = savedInstanceState?.getString("MyString")
}
您也可以在Activity onCreate上恢复它。
对于碎片:
对于saveInstanceState中的put类:
override fun onSaveInstanceState(outState: Bundle) {
super.onSaveInstanceState(outState)
val gson = Gson()
val json = gson.toJson(customClass)
outState.putString("CUSTOM_CLASS", json)
}
还原数据:
override fun onActivityCreated(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onActivityCreated(savedInstanceState)
//for custom class restore
if (savedInstanceState != null) {
val json = savedInstanceState.getString("CUSTOM_CLASS")
if (!json!!.isEmpty()) {
val gson = Gson()
val customClass: CustomClass = gson.fromJson(json, CustomClass::class.java)
}
}
// for single value restore
val myBoolean: Boolean = savedInstanceState.getBoolean("MyBoolean")
val myDouble: Double = savedInstanceState.getDouble("myDouble")
val myInt: Int = savedInstanceState.getInt("MyInt")
val myString: String = savedInstanceState.getString("MyString")
}