一种很好的思考方式是……

Prototype用于构造函数。它真的应该被称为“prototypeToInstall”，因为它就是这样的。

__proto__是对象上的“已安装原型”(由上述构造函数()函数创建/安装在对象上)

在JavaScript中，函数可以用作构造函数。这意味着我们可以使用new关键字从它们中创建对象。每个构造函数都带有一个内置对象。这个内置对象称为原型。构造函数的实例使用__proto__来访问其构造函数的prototype属性。

First we created a constructor: function Foo(){}. To be clear, Foo is just another function. But we can create an object from it with the new keyword. That's why we call it the constructor function Every function has a unique property which is called the prototype property. So, Constructor function Foo has a prototype property which points to its prototype, which is Foo.prototype (see image). Constructor functions are themselves a function which is an instance of a system constructor called the [[Function]] constructor. So we can say that function Foo is constructed by a [[Function]] constructor. So, __proto__ of our Foo function will point to the prototype of its constructor, which is Function.prototype. Function.prototype is itself is nothing but an object which is constructed from another system constructor called [[Object]]. So, [[Object]] is the constructor of Function.prototype. So, we can say Function.prototype is an instance of [[Object]]. So __proto__ of Function.prototype points to Object.prototype. Object.prototype is the last man standing in the prototype chain. I mean it has not been constructed. It's already there in the system. So its __proto__ points to null. Now we come to instances of Foo. When we create an instance using new Foo(), it creates a new object which is an instance of Foo. That means Foo is the constructor of these instances. Here we created two instances (x and y). __proto__ of x and y thus points to Foo.prototype.

！！!这是世界上最好的解释!!!!!

var q = {}
var prototype = {prop: 11}

q.prop // undefined
q.__proto__ = prototype
q.prop // 11

在函数构造函数中，当我们编写新Class时，javascript引擎会自动调用这个q.__proto__ = prototype，并在__proto__道具中设置Class.prototype

function Class(){}
Class.prototype = {prop: 999} // set prototype as we need, before call new

var q = new Class() // q.__proto__ = Class.prototype
q.prop // 999

享受%)

[[原型]]:

[[Prototype]]是JS中对象的内部隐藏属性，它是对另一个对象的引用。每个对象在创建时都会接收一个非空值[[Prototype]]。请记住，当我们引用对象上的属性(如myObject.a)时调用[[Get]]操作。如果对象本身有一个属性，那么该属性将被使用。

let myObject= {
    a: 2
};

console.log(myObject.a);            // 2

但是如果对象本身直接没有所请求的属性，那么[[Get]]操作将继续遵循对象的[[Prototype]]链接。这个过程将继续进行，直到找到匹配的属性名或[[Prototype]]链结束(在内置的Object.prototype处)。如果没有找到匹配的属性，则返回undefined。object. create(specifiedObject)创建一个带有[[Prototype]]链接到指定对象的对象。

let anotherObject= {
    a: 2
};

// create an object linked to anotherObject
let myObject= Object.create(anotherObject);
console.log(myObject.a);                // 2

Both for..in loop and in operator use [[Prototype]] chain lookup process. So if we use for..in loop to iterate over the properties of an object then all the enumerable properties which can be reached via that object's [[Prototype]] chain also will be enumerated along with the enumerable properties of the object itself. And when using in operator to test for the existence of a property on an object then in operator will check all the properties via [[Prototype]] linkage of the object regardless of their enumerability.

// for..in loop uses [[Prototype]] chain lookup process
let anotherObject= {
    a: 2
};

let myObject= Object.create(anotherObject);

for(let k in myObject) {
    console.log("found: " + k);            // found: a
}

// in operator uses [[Prototype]] chain lookup process
console.log("a" in myObject);              // true

.prototype:

.prototype是JS中函数的一个属性，它引用了一个具有构造函数属性的对象，该对象存储了函数对象的所有属性(和方法)。

let foo= function(){}

console.log(foo.prototype);        
// returns {constructor: f} object which now contains all the default properties

foo.id= "Walter White";

foo.job= "teacher";

console.log(foo.prototype);       
// returns {constructor: f} object which now contains all the default properties and 2 more properties that we added to the fn object
/*
{constructor: f}
    constructor: f()
        id: "Walter White"
        job: "teacher"
        arguments: null
        caller: null
        length: 0
        name: "foo"
        prototype: {constructor: f}
        __proto__: f()
        [[FunctionLocation]]: VM789:1
        [[Scopes]]: Scopes[2]
    __proto__: Object

*/

但是JS中的普通对象没有.prototype属性。我们知道客体。prototype是JS中所有对象的根对象。所以很明显Object是一个函数，即typeof Object === "function"。这意味着我们还可以从object函数创建对象，比如let myObj= new object()。类似地，Array, Function也是函数，所以我们可以使用Array。原型,函数。用于存储数组和函数的所有通用属性的原型。所以我们可以说JS是建立在函数之上的。

{}.prototype;                            // SyntaxError: Unexpected token '.'

(function(){}).prototype;                // {constructor: f}

Also using new operator if we create objects from a function then internal hidden [[Prototype]] property of those newly created objects will point to the object referenced by the .prototype property of the original function. In the below code, we have created an object, a from a fn, Letter and added 2 properties one to the fn object and another to the prototype object of the fn. Now if we try to access both of the properties on the newly created object, a then we only will be able to access the property added to the prototype object of the function. This is because the prototype object of the function is now on the [[Prototype]] chain of the newly created object, a.

let Letter= function(){}

let a= new Letter();

Letter.from= "Albuquerque";

Letter.prototype.to= "New Hampshire";

console.log(a.from);                // undefined

console.log(a.to);                  // New Hampshire

.__proto__:

.__proto__是JS中对象的属性，它引用[[Prototype]]链中的另一个对象。我们知道[[Prototype]]是JS中对象的内部隐藏属性，它引用了[[Prototype]]链中的另一个对象。我们可以通过两种方式获取或设置内部[[Prototype]]属性引用的对象

Object.getPrototypeOf（obj） / Object.setPrototypeOf（obj） obj.__proto__

我们可以使用.__proto__.__proto__遍历[[Prototype]]链。与.constructor， . tostring ()， . isprototypeof()一起，我们的dunder prototo属性(__proto__)实际上存在于内置对象中。原型根对象，但可用于任何特定对象。我们的.__proto__实际上是一个getter/setter。Object中.__proto__的实现。原型如下:

Object.defineProperty(Object.prototype, "__proto__", {
    get: function() {
        return Object.getPrototypeOf(this);
    },
    set: function(o) {
        Object.setPrototypeOf(this, o);
        return o;
    }
});

检索obj的值。__proto__类似于调用，obj.__proto__()，它实际上返回了getter fn, Object. getprototypeof (obj)，它存在于Object上。原型对象。虽然.__proto__是一个可设置的属性，但由于性能问题，我们不应该更改已经存在的对象的[[Prototype]]。

如果使用new操作符从函数创建对象，那么这些新创建对象的内部隐藏[[Prototype]]属性将指向原始函数的. Prototype属性引用的对象。使用.__proto__属性，我们可以访问由对象的内部隐藏[[Prototype]]属性引用的另一个对象。但是__proto__并不等同于[[Prototype]]，而是它的getter/setter。考虑下面的代码:

let Letter= function() {}

let a= new Letter();

let b= new Letter();

let z= new Letter();

// output in console
a.__proto__ === Letter.prototype;               // true

b.__proto__ === Letter.prototype;               // true

z.__proto__ === Letter.prototype;               // true

Letter.__proto__ === Function.prototype;        // true

Function.prototype.__proto__ === Object.prototype;        // true

Letter.prototype.__proto__ === Object.prototype;          // true

__proto__是在查找链中用于解析方法的实际对象，prototype是在你用new创建对象时用于构建__proto__的对象:

( new Foo ).__proto__ === Foo.prototype
( new Foo ).prototype === undefined

为了解释，让我们创建一个函数

 function a (name) {
  this.name = name;
 }

当JavaScript执行这段代码时，它将prototype属性添加到。prototype属性是一个具有两个属性的对象:

构造函数 __proto__

所以当我们这样做的时候

a.原型它返回

     constructor: a  // function definition
    __proto__: Object

现在你可以看到构造函数就是函数a本身 而__proto__指向JavaScript的根对象。

让我们看看当我们使用带有new关键字的函数时会发生什么。

var b = new a ('JavaScript');

当JavaScript执行这段代码时，它会做4件事:

它创建了一个新对象，一个空对象// {} 它在b上创建__proto__，并使其指向a.prototype，因此b.__proto__ === a.prototype 它使用新创建的对象(在步骤#1中创建)作为上下文(this)执行a.p otype.constructor(这是函数a的定义)，因此作为'JavaScript'传递的name属性(它被添加到this)被添加到新创建的对象。 它返回新创建的对象(在步骤#1中创建)，因此var b被分配给新创建的对象。

现在如果我们添加a.prototype。car = "BMW"然后 b.car，输出“BMW”出现。

这是因为当JavaScript执行这段代码时，它在b上搜索car属性，它没有发现，然后JavaScript使用b.__proto__(在步骤#2中指向“a.prototype”)并找到car属性，因此返回“BMW”。