如果你想测试逻辑，不要异步测试。

例如，测试这段代码，它对异步方法的结果起作用。

public class Example {
    private Dependency dependency;

    public Example(Dependency dependency) {
        this.dependency = dependency;            
    }

    public CompletableFuture<String> someAsyncMethod(){
        return dependency.asyncMethod()
                .handle((r,ex) -> {
                    if(ex != null) {
                        return "got exception";
                    } else {
                        return r.toString();
                    }
                });
    }
}

public class Dependency {
    public CompletableFuture<Integer> asyncMethod() {
        // do some async stuff       
    }
}

在测试中模拟使用同步实现的依赖关系。单元测试是完全同步的，运行时间为150毫秒。

public class DependencyTest {
    private Example sut;
    private Dependency dependency;

    public void setup() {
        dependency = Mockito.mock(Dependency.class);;
        sut = new Example(dependency);
    }

    @Test public void success() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        when(dependency.asyncMethod()).thenReturn(CompletableFuture.completedFuture(5));

        // When
        CompletableFuture<String> result = sut.someAsyncMethod();

        // Then
        assertThat(result.isCompletedExceptionally(), is(equalTo(false)));
        String value = result.get();
        assertThat(value, is(equalTo("5")));
    }

    @Test public void failed() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        // Given
        CompletableFuture<Integer> c = new CompletableFuture<Integer>();
        c.completeExceptionally(new RuntimeException("failed"));
        when(dependency.asyncMethod()).thenReturn(c);

        // When
        CompletableFuture<String> result = sut.someAsyncMethod();

        // Then
        assertThat(result.isCompletedExceptionally(), is(equalTo(false)));
        String value = result.get();
        assertThat(value, is(equalTo("got exception")));
    }
}

你不测试异步行为，但你可以测试逻辑是否正确。

对于测试异步方法，我发现一个非常有用的方法是在测试对象的构造函数中注入Executor实例。在生产中，执行器实例被配置为异步运行，而在测试中，它可以被模拟为同步运行。

所以假设我试图测试异步方法Foo#doAsync(Callback c)，

class Foo {
  private final Executor executor;
  public Foo(Executor executor) {
    this.executor = executor;
  }

  public void doAsync(Callback c) {
    executor.execute(new Runnable() {
      @Override public void run() {
        // Do stuff here
        c.onComplete(data);
      }
    });
  }
}

在生产中，我会用Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor() Executor实例构造Foo，而在测试中，我可能会用执行以下操作的同步执行器构造它

class SynchronousExecutor implements Executor {
  @Override public void execute(Runnable r) {
    r.run();
  }
}

现在异步方法的JUnit测试非常干净

@Test public void testDoAsync() {
  Executor executor = new SynchronousExecutor();
  Foo objectToTest = new Foo(executor);

  Callback callback = mock(Callback.class);
  objectToTest.doAsync(callback);

  // Verify that Callback#onComplete was called using Mockito.
  verify(callback).onComplete(any(Data.class));

  // Assert that we got back the data that we expected.
  assertEquals(expectedData, callback.getData());
}

如果你想测试逻辑，不要异步测试。

例如，测试这段代码，它对异步方法的结果起作用。

public class Example {
    private Dependency dependency;

    public Example(Dependency dependency) {
        this.dependency = dependency;            
    }

    public CompletableFuture<String> someAsyncMethod(){
        return dependency.asyncMethod()
                .handle((r,ex) -> {
                    if(ex != null) {
                        return "got exception";
                    } else {
                        return r.toString();
                    }
                });
    }
}

public class Dependency {
    public CompletableFuture<Integer> asyncMethod() {
        // do some async stuff       
    }
}

在测试中模拟使用同步实现的依赖关系。单元测试是完全同步的，运行时间为150毫秒。

public class DependencyTest {
    private Example sut;
    private Dependency dependency;

    public void setup() {
        dependency = Mockito.mock(Dependency.class);;
        sut = new Example(dependency);
    }

    @Test public void success() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        when(dependency.asyncMethod()).thenReturn(CompletableFuture.completedFuture(5));

        // When
        CompletableFuture<String> result = sut.someAsyncMethod();

        // Then
        assertThat(result.isCompletedExceptionally(), is(equalTo(false)));
        String value = result.get();
        assertThat(value, is(equalTo("5")));
    }

    @Test public void failed() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        // Given
        CompletableFuture<Integer> c = new CompletableFuture<Integer>();
        c.completeExceptionally(new RuntimeException("failed"));
        when(dependency.asyncMethod()).thenReturn(c);

        // When
        CompletableFuture<String> result = sut.someAsyncMethod();

        // Then
        assertThat(result.isCompletedExceptionally(), is(equalTo(false)));
        String value = result.get();
        assertThat(value, is(equalTo("got exception")));
    }
}

你不测试异步行为，但你可以测试逻辑是否正确。

值得一提的是，《并发实践》中有一章非常有用，它描述了一些单元测试方法，并给出了解决问题的方案。

这里有很多答案，但一个简单的答案是创建一个完整的CompletableFuture并使用它:

CompletableFuture.completedFuture("donzo")

所以在我的测试中:

this.exactly(2).of(mockEventHubClientWrapper).sendASync(with(any(LinkedList.class)));
this.will(returnValue(new CompletableFuture<>().completedFuture("donzo")));

我只是确保所有这些东西都会被调用。如果你使用下面的代码，这个技巧是有效的:

CompletableFuture.allOf(calls.toArray(new CompletableFuture[0])).join();

它将压缩通过它，因为所有的CompletableFutures都完成了!

您可以尝试使用await库。这使得测试您所谈论的系统变得很容易。