我在manage.py中区分它，并创建了两个单独的设置文件:local_settings.py和prod_settings.py。

在manage.py中检查服务器是本地服务器还是生产服务器。如果它是本地服务器，它将加载local_settings.py，如果它是生产服务器，它将加载prod_settings.py。基本上是这样的:

#!/usr/bin/env python
import sys
import socket
from django.core.management import execute_manager 

ipaddress = socket.gethostbyname( socket.gethostname() )
if ipaddress == '127.0.0.1':
    try:
        import local_settings # Assumed to be in the same directory.
        settings = local_settings
    except ImportError:
        import sys
        sys.stderr.write("Error: Can't find the file 'local_settings.py' in the directory containing %r. It appears you've customized things.\nYou'll have to run django-admin.py, passing it your settings module.\n(If the file local_settings.py does indeed exist, it's causing an ImportError somehow.)\n" % __file__)
        sys.exit(1)
else:
    try:
        import prod_settings # Assumed to be in the same directory.
        settings = prod_settings    
    except ImportError:
        import sys
        sys.stderr.write("Error: Can't find the file 'prod_settings.py' in the directory containing %r. It appears you've customized things.\nYou'll have to run django-admin.py, passing it your settings module.\n(If the file prod_settings.py does indeed exist, it's causing an ImportError somehow.)\n" % __file__)
        sys.exit(1)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    execute_manager(settings)

我发现将设置文件分开到两个单独的文件中更容易，而不是在设置文件中做大量的if。

记住，settings.py是一个活动代码文件。假设您没有在生产中设置DEBUG(这是一个最佳实践)，您可以执行如下操作:

if DEBUG:
    STATIC_PATH = /path/to/dev/files
else:
    STATIC_PATH = /path/to/production/files

非常基本，但是理论上，您可以根据DEBUG的值或您想使用的任何其他变量或代码检查来提高任何复杂级别。

我使用了上面提到的jpartogi的一个变体，我觉得它更简短:

import platform
from django.core.management import execute_manager 

computername = platform.node()

try:
  settings = __import__(computername + '_settings')
except ImportError: 
  import sys
  sys.stderr.write("Error: Can't find the file '%r_settings.py' in the directory containing %r. It appears you've customized things.\nYou'll have to run django-admin.py, passing it your settings module.\n(If the file local_settings.py does indeed exist, it's causing an ImportError somehow.)\n" % (computername, __file__))
  sys.exit(1)

if __name__ == "__main__":
  execute_manager(settings)

基本上，在每台计算机(开发或生产)上，我都有适当的动态加载的hostname_settings.py文件。

TL;DR:诀窍在于修改操作系统。在任何settings/<purpose>.py中导入settings/base.py之前，这将极大地简化事情。

---

一想到这些缠在一起的文件我就头疼。 合并、导入(有时是有条件的)、覆盖、修补已经设置的内容，以防稍后DEBUG设置更改。 真是个噩梦!

多年来，我尝试了各种不同的解决方案。它们都有一定的作用，但管理起来很痛苦。 WTF !我们真的需要那么多麻烦吗?我们从一个settings.py文件开始。 现在我们需要一个文档，以正确的顺序将所有这些组合在一起!

我希望我终于用下面的解决方案达到了我的最佳境界。

让我们回顾一下目标(有些是共同的，有些是我的)

Keep secrets a secret — don't store them in a repo! Set/read keys and secrets through environment settings, 12 factor style. Have sensible fallback defaults. Ideally for local development you don't need anything more beside defaults. …but try to keep defaults production safe. It's better to miss a setting override locally, than having to remember to adjust default settings safe for production. Have the ability to switch DEBUG on/off in a way that can have an effect on other settings (eg. using javascript compressed or not). Switching between purpose settings, like local/testing/staging/production, should be based only on DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE, nothing more. …but allow further parameterization through environment settings like DATABASE_URL. …also allow them to use different purpose settings and run them locally side by side, eg. production setup on local developer machine, to access production database or smoke test compressed style sheets. Fail if an environment variable is not explicitly set (requiring an empty value at minimum), especially in production, eg. EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD. Respond to default DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE set in manage.py during django-admin startproject Keep conditionals to a minimum, if the condition is the purposed environment type (eg. for production set log file and it's rotation), override settings in associated purposed settings file.

not'的

Do not let django read DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE setting form a file. Ugh! Think of how meta this is. If you need to have a file (like docker env) read that into the environment before staring up a django process. Do not override DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE in your project/app code, eg. based on hostname or process name. If you are lazy to set environment variable (like for setup.py test) do it in tooling just before you run your project code. Avoid magic and patching of how django reads it's settings, preprocess the settings but do not interfere afterwards. No complicated logic based nonsense. Configuration should be fixed and materialized not computed on the fly. Providing a fallback defaults is just enough logic here. Do you really want to debug, why locally you have correct set of settings but in production on a remote server, on one of hundred machines, something computed differently? Oh! Unit tests? For settings? Seriously?

解决方案

我的策略包括与ini样式文件一起使用的优秀django-environ， 提供操作系统。环境默认为本地开发，一些最小和简短的设置/<purpose>.py文件有一个 导入设置/base.py环境是从INI文件设置的。这有效地给了我们一种设置注入。

这里的技巧是修改操作系统。导入settings/base.py。

要查看完整的示例，请执行回购:https://github.com/wooyek/django-settings-strategy

.
│   manage.py
├───data
└───website
    ├───settings
    │   │   __init__.py   <-- imports local for compatibility
    │   │   base.py       <-- almost all the settings, reads from proces environment 
    │   │   local.py      <-- a few modifications for local development
    │   │   production.py <-- ideally is empty and everything is in base 
    │   │   testing.py    <-- mimics production with a reasonable exeptions
    │   │   .env          <-- for local use, not kept in repo
    │   __init__.py
    │   urls.py
    │   wsgi.py

设置/ .env

本地开发的默认值。一个秘密文件，主要用于设置所需的环境变量。 如果在本地开发中不需要它们，则将它们设置为空值。 我们在这里提供默认值，而不是在settings/base.py中，如果环境中缺少这些值，则会在任何其他机器上失败。

设置/ local.py

这里发生的是从settings/加载环境。Env，然后导入公共设置 从设置/ base.py。之后，我们可以覆盖一些以缓解局部开发。

import logging
import environ

logging.debug("Settings loading: %s" % __file__)

# This will read missing environment variables from a file
# We wan to do this before loading a base settings as they may depend on environment
environ.Env.read_env(DEBUG='True')

from .base import *

ALLOWED_HOSTS += [
    '127.0.0.1',
    'localhost',
    '.example.com',
    'vagrant',
    ]

# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.6/topics/email/#console-backend
EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend'
# EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.dummy.EmailBackend'

LOGGING['handlers']['mail_admins']['email_backend'] = 'django.core.mail.backends.dummy.EmailBackend'

# Sync task testing
# http://docs.celeryproject.org/en/2.5/configuration.html?highlight=celery_always_eager#celery-always-eager

CELERY_ALWAYS_EAGER = True
CELERY_EAGER_PROPAGATES_EXCEPTIONS = True

设置/ production.py

对于生产，我们不应该期望有一个环境文件，但是如果我们正在测试一些东西，那么有一个环境文件会更容易。 但是不管怎样，唯恐提供了很少的默认值，所以settings/base.py可以相应地响应。

environ.Env.read_env(Path(__file__) / "production.env", DEBUG='False', ASSETS_DEBUG='False')
from .base import *

这里的主要兴趣点是DEBUG和ASSETS_DEBUG覆盖， 它们将应用于python操作系统。只有当它们从环境和文件中丢失时才使用environ。

这些将是我们的产品默认值，不需要将它们放在环境或文件中，但如果需要，可以覆盖它们。整洁!

设置/ base.py

这些是基本的django设置，有一些条件和大量的从环境中读取它们。 几乎所有东西都在这里，保持所有目标环境的一致性和尽可能相似。

主要区别如下(我希望这些是不言自明的):

import environ

# https://github.com/joke2k/django-environ
env = environ.Env()

# Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...)
BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))

# Where BASE_DIR is a django source root, ROOT_DIR is a whole project root
# It may differ BASE_DIR for eg. when your django project code is in `src` folder
# This may help to separate python modules and *django apps* from other stuff
# like documentation, fixtures, docker settings
ROOT_DIR = BASE_DIR

# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/howto/deployment/checklist/

# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
SECRET_KEY = env('SECRET_KEY')

# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
DEBUG = env('DEBUG', default=False)

INTERNAL_IPS = [
    '127.0.0.1',
]

ALLOWED_HOSTS = []

if 'ALLOWED_HOSTS' in os.environ:
    hosts = os.environ['ALLOWED_HOSTS'].split(" ")
    BASE_URL = "https://" + hosts[0]
    for host in hosts:
        host = host.strip()
        if host:
            ALLOWED_HOSTS.append(host)

SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT = env.bool('SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT', default=False)

---

# Database
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/ref/settings/#databases

if "DATABASE_URL" in os.environ:  # pragma: no cover
    # Enable database config through environment
    DATABASES = {
        # Raises ImproperlyConfigured exception if DATABASE_URL not in os.environ
        'default': env.db(),
    }

    # Make sure we use have all settings we need
    # DATABASES['default']['ENGINE'] = 'django.contrib.gis.db.backends.postgis'
    DATABASES['default']['TEST'] = {'NAME': os.environ.get("DATABASE_TEST_NAME", None)}
    DATABASES['default']['OPTIONS'] = {
        'options': '-c search_path=gis,public,pg_catalog',
        'sslmode': 'require',
    }
else:
    DATABASES = {
        'default': {
            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
            # 'ENGINE': 'django.contrib.gis.db.backends.spatialite',
            'NAME': os.path.join(ROOT_DIR, 'data', 'db.dev.sqlite3'),
            'TEST': {
                'NAME': os.path.join(ROOT_DIR, 'data', 'db.test.sqlite3'),
            }
        }
    }

---

STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(ROOT_DIR, 'static')

# django-assets
# http://django-assets.readthedocs.org/en/latest/settings.html

ASSETS_LOAD_PATH = STATIC_ROOT
ASSETS_ROOT = os.path.join(ROOT_DIR, 'assets', "compressed")
ASSETS_DEBUG = env('ASSETS_DEBUG', default=DEBUG)  # Disable when testing compressed file in DEBUG mode
if ASSETS_DEBUG:
    ASSETS_URL = STATIC_URL
    ASSETS_MANIFEST = "json:{}".format(os.path.join(ASSETS_ROOT, "manifest.json"))
else:
    ASSETS_URL = STATIC_URL + "assets/compressed/"
    ASSETS_MANIFEST = "json:{}".format(os.path.join(STATIC_ROOT, 'assets', "compressed", "manifest.json"))
ASSETS_AUTO_BUILD = ASSETS_DEBUG
ASSETS_MODULES = ('website.assets',)

最后一点显示了它的力量。ASSETS_DEBUG有一个合理的默认值， 可以在settings/production.py中覆盖，甚至可以通过环境设置覆盖!耶!

实际上，我们有一个混合的重要性等级:

Settings /.py -根据目的设置默认值，不存储秘密 Settings /base.py -主要由环境控制 进程环境设置- 12因素宝贝! 设置/。本地默认环境，便于启动

我将我的设置拆分如下

settings/
     |
     |- base.py
     |- dev.py
     |- prod.py  

我们有三种环境

dev 暂存 生产

现在，显然登台和生产应该有尽可能相似的环境。所以我们同时保留了prod.py。

但是在这种情况下，我必须确定正在运行的服务器是生产服务器。@T。斯通的回答帮助我写了如下支票。

from socket import gethostname, gethostbyname  
PROD_HOSTS = ["webserver1", "webserver2"]

DEBUG = False
ALLOWED_HOSTS = [gethostname(), gethostbyname(gethostname()),]


if any(host in PROD_HOSTS for host in ALLOWED_HOSTS):
    SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE = True
    CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE = True  

大多数解决方案的问题是，您要么将本地设置应用在常用设置之前，要么应用在常用设置之后。

所以不可能覆盖

特定于env的设置定义了memcached池的地址，在主设置文件中，这个值用于配置缓存后端 特定环境的设置添加或删除应用程序/中间件到默认的

同时。

一种解决方案可以使用“ini”风格的配置文件和ConfigParser类实现。它支持多个文件、延迟字符串插值、默认值和许多其他优点。 一旦加载了许多文件，就可以加载更多的文件，它们的值将覆盖之前的文件(如果有的话)。

您可以加载一个或多个配置文件，这取决于计算机地址、环境变量，甚至是先前加载的配置文件中的值。然后只需使用解析后的值填充设置。

我成功使用的一个策略是:

Load a default defaults.ini file Check the machine name, and load all files which matched the reversed FQDN, from the shortest match to the longest match (so, I loaded net.ini, then net.domain.ini, then net.domain.webserver01.ini, each one possibly overriding values of the previous). This account also for developers' machines, so each one could set up its preferred database driver, etc. for local development Check if there is a "cluster name" declared, and in that case load cluster.cluster_name.ini, which can define things like database and cache IPs

举个例子，你可以定义一个“子域”值per-env，然后在默认设置中使用(hostname: %(subdomain).whatever.net)来定义django工作所需的所有必要的主机名和cookie。

这是我能得到的DRY，大多数(现有的)文件只有3或4个设置。除此之外，我还必须管理客户配置，所以存在一组额外的配置文件(包括数据库名称、用户和密码、分配的子域等)，每个客户一个或多个。

您可以根据需要将其扩展到低或高，只需在配置文件中放入您想要在每个环境中配置的键，一旦需要新的配置，将先前的值放在默认配置中，并在必要时覆盖它。

该系统已被证明是可靠的，并与版本控制工作良好。它已经被使用很长时间来管理两个独立的应用程序集群(每台机器上有15个或更多的django站点实例)，有超过50个客户，集群的大小和成员会根据系统管理员的情绪而变化……