对于我的大多数项目，我使用以下模式:

创建settings_base.py，其中存储所有环境的通用设置 每当我需要使用具有特定要求的新环境时，我都会创建新的设置文件(例如。Settings_local.py)，它继承settings_base.py的内容，并覆盖/添加适当的设置变量(从settings_base import *)

(要使用自定义设置文件运行manage.py，只需使用——settings命令option: manage.py <命令>——settings=settings_you_wish_to_use.py)

我对这个问题的解决方案在某种程度上也是这里已经提到的一些解决方案的混合:

我保留了一个名为local_settings.py的文件，其内容为USING_LOCAL = True在dev中，USING_LOCAL = False在prod中 在settings.py中，我对该文件进行导入以获得USING_LOCAL设置

然后我将所有与环境相关的设置都基于此:

DEBUG = USING_LOCAL
if USING_LOCAL:
    # dev database settings
else:
    # prod database settings

我更喜欢这样，而不是有两个单独的settings.py文件，我需要维护，因为我可以将我的设置结构化地保存在一个文件中，而不是将它们分布在几个文件中。就像这样，当我更新一个设置时，我不会忘记在两个环境中都这样做。

当然每种方法都有它的缺点，这种方法也不例外。这里的问题是，无论何时将更改推到生产环境中，我都不能覆盖local_settings.py文件，这意味着我不能盲目地复制所有文件，但这是我可以接受的。

Django 1.5的最佳实践建议对你的设置文件使用版本控制，并将文件存储在一个单独的目录中:

project/
    app1/
    app2/
    project/
        __init__.py
        settings/
            __init__.py
            base.py
            local.py
            production.py
    manage.py

base.py文件包含常见设置(如MEDIA_ROOT或ADMIN)，而local.py和production.py有特定于站点的设置:

在基本文件设置/base.py:

INSTALLED_APPS = (
    # common apps...
)

在本地开发设置文件settings/local.py中:

from project.settings.base import *

DEBUG = True
INSTALLED_APPS += (
    'debug_toolbar', # and other apps for local development
)

在文件生产设置文件设置/production.py:

from project.settings.base import *

DEBUG = False
INSTALLED_APPS += (
    # other apps for production site
)

然后当你运行django时，你添加——settings选项:

# Running django for local development
$ ./manage.py runserver 0:8000 --settings=project.settings.local

# Running django shell on the production site
$ ./manage.py shell --settings=project.settings.production

这本书的作者还在Github上发布了一个示例项目布局模板。

TL;DR:诀窍在于修改操作系统。在任何settings/<purpose>.py中导入settings/base.py之前，这将极大地简化事情。

---

一想到这些缠在一起的文件我就头疼。 合并、导入(有时是有条件的)、覆盖、修补已经设置的内容，以防稍后DEBUG设置更改。 真是个噩梦!

多年来，我尝试了各种不同的解决方案。它们都有一定的作用，但管理起来很痛苦。 WTF !我们真的需要那么多麻烦吗?我们从一个settings.py文件开始。 现在我们需要一个文档，以正确的顺序将所有这些组合在一起!

我希望我终于用下面的解决方案达到了我的最佳境界。

让我们回顾一下目标(有些是共同的，有些是我的)

Keep secrets a secret — don't store them in a repo! Set/read keys and secrets through environment settings, 12 factor style. Have sensible fallback defaults. Ideally for local development you don't need anything more beside defaults. …but try to keep defaults production safe. It's better to miss a setting override locally, than having to remember to adjust default settings safe for production. Have the ability to switch DEBUG on/off in a way that can have an effect on other settings (eg. using javascript compressed or not). Switching between purpose settings, like local/testing/staging/production, should be based only on DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE, nothing more. …but allow further parameterization through environment settings like DATABASE_URL. …also allow them to use different purpose settings and run them locally side by side, eg. production setup on local developer machine, to access production database or smoke test compressed style sheets. Fail if an environment variable is not explicitly set (requiring an empty value at minimum), especially in production, eg. EMAIL_HOST_PASSWORD. Respond to default DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE set in manage.py during django-admin startproject Keep conditionals to a minimum, if the condition is the purposed environment type (eg. for production set log file and it's rotation), override settings in associated purposed settings file.

not'的

Do not let django read DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE setting form a file. Ugh! Think of how meta this is. If you need to have a file (like docker env) read that into the environment before staring up a django process. Do not override DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE in your project/app code, eg. based on hostname or process name. If you are lazy to set environment variable (like for setup.py test) do it in tooling just before you run your project code. Avoid magic and patching of how django reads it's settings, preprocess the settings but do not interfere afterwards. No complicated logic based nonsense. Configuration should be fixed and materialized not computed on the fly. Providing a fallback defaults is just enough logic here. Do you really want to debug, why locally you have correct set of settings but in production on a remote server, on one of hundred machines, something computed differently? Oh! Unit tests? For settings? Seriously?

解决方案

我的策略包括与ini样式文件一起使用的优秀django-environ， 提供操作系统。环境默认为本地开发，一些最小和简短的设置/<purpose>.py文件有一个 导入设置/base.py环境是从INI文件设置的。这有效地给了我们一种设置注入。

这里的技巧是修改操作系统。导入settings/base.py。

要查看完整的示例，请执行回购:https://github.com/wooyek/django-settings-strategy

.
│   manage.py
├───data
└───website
    ├───settings
    │   │   __init__.py   <-- imports local for compatibility
    │   │   base.py       <-- almost all the settings, reads from proces environment 
    │   │   local.py      <-- a few modifications for local development
    │   │   production.py <-- ideally is empty and everything is in base 
    │   │   testing.py    <-- mimics production with a reasonable exeptions
    │   │   .env          <-- for local use, not kept in repo
    │   __init__.py
    │   urls.py
    │   wsgi.py

设置/ .env

本地开发的默认值。一个秘密文件，主要用于设置所需的环境变量。 如果在本地开发中不需要它们，则将它们设置为空值。 我们在这里提供默认值，而不是在settings/base.py中，如果环境中缺少这些值，则会在任何其他机器上失败。

设置/ local.py

这里发生的是从settings/加载环境。Env，然后导入公共设置 从设置/ base.py。之后，我们可以覆盖一些以缓解局部开发。

import logging
import environ

logging.debug("Settings loading: %s" % __file__)

# This will read missing environment variables from a file
# We wan to do this before loading a base settings as they may depend on environment
environ.Env.read_env(DEBUG='True')

from .base import *

ALLOWED_HOSTS += [
    '127.0.0.1',
    'localhost',
    '.example.com',
    'vagrant',
    ]

# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.6/topics/email/#console-backend
EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend'
# EMAIL_BACKEND = 'django.core.mail.backends.dummy.EmailBackend'

LOGGING['handlers']['mail_admins']['email_backend'] = 'django.core.mail.backends.dummy.EmailBackend'

# Sync task testing
# http://docs.celeryproject.org/en/2.5/configuration.html?highlight=celery_always_eager#celery-always-eager

CELERY_ALWAYS_EAGER = True
CELERY_EAGER_PROPAGATES_EXCEPTIONS = True

设置/ production.py

对于生产，我们不应该期望有一个环境文件，但是如果我们正在测试一些东西，那么有一个环境文件会更容易。 但是不管怎样，唯恐提供了很少的默认值，所以settings/base.py可以相应地响应。

environ.Env.read_env(Path(__file__) / "production.env", DEBUG='False', ASSETS_DEBUG='False')
from .base import *

这里的主要兴趣点是DEBUG和ASSETS_DEBUG覆盖， 它们将应用于python操作系统。只有当它们从环境和文件中丢失时才使用environ。

这些将是我们的产品默认值，不需要将它们放在环境或文件中，但如果需要，可以覆盖它们。整洁!

设置/ base.py

这些是基本的django设置，有一些条件和大量的从环境中读取它们。 几乎所有东西都在这里，保持所有目标环境的一致性和尽可能相似。

主要区别如下(我希望这些是不言自明的):

import environ

# https://github.com/joke2k/django-environ
env = environ.Env()

# Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...)
BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))

# Where BASE_DIR is a django source root, ROOT_DIR is a whole project root
# It may differ BASE_DIR for eg. when your django project code is in `src` folder
# This may help to separate python modules and *django apps* from other stuff
# like documentation, fixtures, docker settings
ROOT_DIR = BASE_DIR

# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/howto/deployment/checklist/

# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
SECRET_KEY = env('SECRET_KEY')

# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
DEBUG = env('DEBUG', default=False)

INTERNAL_IPS = [
    '127.0.0.1',
]

ALLOWED_HOSTS = []

if 'ALLOWED_HOSTS' in os.environ:
    hosts = os.environ['ALLOWED_HOSTS'].split(" ")
    BASE_URL = "https://" + hosts[0]
    for host in hosts:
        host = host.strip()
        if host:
            ALLOWED_HOSTS.append(host)

SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT = env.bool('SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT', default=False)

---

# Database
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.11/ref/settings/#databases

if "DATABASE_URL" in os.environ:  # pragma: no cover
    # Enable database config through environment
    DATABASES = {
        # Raises ImproperlyConfigured exception if DATABASE_URL not in os.environ
        'default': env.db(),
    }

    # Make sure we use have all settings we need
    # DATABASES['default']['ENGINE'] = 'django.contrib.gis.db.backends.postgis'
    DATABASES['default']['TEST'] = {'NAME': os.environ.get("DATABASE_TEST_NAME", None)}
    DATABASES['default']['OPTIONS'] = {
        'options': '-c search_path=gis,public,pg_catalog',
        'sslmode': 'require',
    }
else:
    DATABASES = {
        'default': {
            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
            # 'ENGINE': 'django.contrib.gis.db.backends.spatialite',
            'NAME': os.path.join(ROOT_DIR, 'data', 'db.dev.sqlite3'),
            'TEST': {
                'NAME': os.path.join(ROOT_DIR, 'data', 'db.test.sqlite3'),
            }
        }
    }

---

STATIC_ROOT = os.path.join(ROOT_DIR, 'static')

# django-assets
# http://django-assets.readthedocs.org/en/latest/settings.html

ASSETS_LOAD_PATH = STATIC_ROOT
ASSETS_ROOT = os.path.join(ROOT_DIR, 'assets', "compressed")
ASSETS_DEBUG = env('ASSETS_DEBUG', default=DEBUG)  # Disable when testing compressed file in DEBUG mode
if ASSETS_DEBUG:
    ASSETS_URL = STATIC_URL
    ASSETS_MANIFEST = "json:{}".format(os.path.join(ASSETS_ROOT, "manifest.json"))
else:
    ASSETS_URL = STATIC_URL + "assets/compressed/"
    ASSETS_MANIFEST = "json:{}".format(os.path.join(STATIC_ROOT, 'assets', "compressed", "manifest.json"))
ASSETS_AUTO_BUILD = ASSETS_DEBUG
ASSETS_MODULES = ('website.assets',)

最后一点显示了它的力量。ASSETS_DEBUG有一个合理的默认值， 可以在settings/production.py中覆盖，甚至可以通过环境设置覆盖!耶!

实际上，我们有一个混合的重要性等级:

Settings /.py -根据目的设置默认值，不存储秘密 Settings /base.py -主要由环境控制 进程环境设置- 12因素宝贝! 设置/。本地默认环境，便于启动

我使用settings_local.py和settings_production.py。在尝试了几个选项后，我发现当简单地拥有两个设置文件时，很容易在复杂的解决方案上浪费时间。

当你在Django项目中使用mod_python/mod_wsgi时，你需要将它指向你的设置文件。如果你把它指向本地服务器上的app/settings_local.py和生产服务器上的app/settings_production.py，那么事情就变得简单了。只需编辑适当的设置文件并重新启动服务器(Django开发服务器将自动重新启动)。

创建多个版本的settings.py是12因素应用程序方法论的反模式。 请使用python- decoupling或django-environ。