如果你不想使用random.choice()，你可以尝试这样做:

>>> list(myDictionary)[i]
'VENEZUELA'
>>> myDictionary = {'VENEZUELA':'CARACAS', 'IRAN' : 'TEHRAN'}
>>> import random
>>> i = random.randint(0, len(myDictionary) - 1)
>>> myDictionary[list(myDictionary)[i]]
'TEHRAN'
>>> list(myDictionary)[i]
'IRAN'

下面是一个字典类的Python代码，它可以在O(1)时间内返回随机键。(为了可读性，我在代码中包含了myypy类型):

from typing import TypeVar, Generic, Dict, List
import random

K = TypeVar('K')
V = TypeVar('V')
class IndexableDict(Generic[K, V]):
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.keys: List[K] = []
        self.vals: List[V] = []
        self.dict: Dict[K, int] = {}

    def __getitem__(self, key: K) -> V:
        return self.vals[self.dict[key]]

    def __setitem__(self, key: K, val: V) -> None:
        if key in self.dict:
            index = self.dict[key]
            self.vals[index] = val
        else:
            self.dict[key] = len(self.keys)
            self.keys.append(key)
            self.vals.append(val)

    def __contains__(self, key: K) -> bool:
        return key in self.dict

    def __len__(self) -> int:
        return len(self.keys)

    def random_key(self) -> K:
        return self.keys[random.randrange(len(self.keys))]

一种方法是:

import random
d = {'VENEZUELA':'CARACAS', 'CANADA':'OTTAWA'}
random.choice(list(d.values()))

编辑:在最初的帖子发布几年后，这个问题被修改了，现在是一对，而不是一个。最后一行现在应该是:

country, capital = random.choice(list(d.items()))

>>> import random
>>> d = dict(Venezuela = 1, Spain = 2, USA = 3, Italy = 4)
>>> random.choice(d.keys())
'Venezuela'
>>> random.choice(d.keys())
'USA'

通过随机调用。选择字典的键(国家)。

如果你不想使用random.choice()，你可以尝试这样做:

>>> list(myDictionary)[i]
'VENEZUELA'
>>> myDictionary = {'VENEZUELA':'CARACAS', 'IRAN' : 'TEHRAN'}
>>> import random
>>> i = random.randint(0, len(myDictionary) - 1)
>>> myDictionary[list(myDictionary)[i]]
'TEHRAN'
>>> list(myDictionary)[i]
'IRAN'

我写这篇文章是为了解决同样的问题:

https://github.com/robtandy/randomdict

它有O(1)对键、值和项的随机访问。