如何init一个新的类在TS以这样的方式(在c#的例子,以显示我想要的):
// ... some code before
return new MyClass { Field1 = "ASD", Field2 = "QWE" };
// ... some code after
如何init一个新的类在TS以这样的方式(在c#的例子,以显示我想要的):
// ... some code before
return new MyClass { Field1 = "ASD", Field2 = "QWE" };
// ... some code after
当前回答
我想要一个解决方案,将有以下:
所有数据对象都是必需的,并且必须由构造函数填充。 不需要提供默认值。 可以在类内部使用函数。
我是这样做的:
export class Person {
id!: number;
firstName!: string;
lastName!: string;
getFullName() {
return `${this.firstName} ${this.lastName}`;
}
constructor(data: OnlyData<Person>) {
Object.assign(this, data);
}
}
const person = new Person({ id: 5, firstName: "John", lastName: "Doe" });
person.getFullName();
构造函数中的所有属性都是强制性的,如果省略这些属性将会导致编译器错误。
它依赖于OnlyData从必需的属性中过滤出getFullName(),它的定义如下:
// based on : https://medium.com/dailyjs/typescript-create-a-condition-based-subset-types-9d902cea5b8c
type FilterFlags<Base, Condition> = { [Key in keyof Base]: Base[Key] extends Condition ? never : Key };
type AllowedNames<Base, Condition> = FilterFlags<Base, Condition>[keyof Base];
type SubType<Base, Condition> = Pick<Base, AllowedNames<Base, Condition>>;
type OnlyData<T> = SubType<T, (_: any) => any>;
目前这种方式的局限性:
需要TypeScript 2.8 具有getter /setter的类
其他回答
这里有一个解决方案:
不强迫你让所有字段都是可选的(不像Partial<…>) 区分类方法和函数类型的字段(不同于OnlyData<…>解决方案) 通过定义Params接口提供了一个很好的结构 不需要重复变量名和类型不止一次
唯一的缺点是一开始看起来比较复杂。
// Define all fields here
interface PersonParams {
id: string
name?: string
coolCallback: () => string
}
// extend the params interface with an interface that has
// the same class name as the target class
// (if you omit the Params interface, you will have to redeclare
// all variables in the Person class)
interface Person extends PersonParams { }
// merge the Person interface with Person class (no need to repeat params)
// person will have all fields of PersonParams
// (yes, this is valid TS)
class Person {
constructor(params: PersonParams) {
// could also do Object.assign(this, params);
this.id = params.id;
this.name = params.name;
// intellisence will expect params
// to have `coolCallback` but not `sayHello`
this.coolCallback = params.coolCallback;
}
// compatible with functions
sayHello() {
console.log(`Hi ${this.name}!`);
}
}
// you can only export on another line (not `export default class...`)
export default Person;
初始化一个类而不重新声明默认值的所有属性:
class MyClass{
prop1!: string //required to be passed in
prop2!: string //required to be passed in
prop3 = 'some default'
prop4 = 123
constructor(opts:{prop1:string, prop2:string} & Partial<MyClass>){
Object.assign(this,opts)
}
}
这结合了一些已经很好的答案
如果要创建新实例时没有设置初始值
1-你必须使用类而不是接口
2-你必须在创建类时设置初始值
export class IStudentDTO {
Id: number = 0;
Name: string = '';
student: IStudentDTO = new IStudentDTO();
更新07/12/2016: Typescript 2.1引入了映射类型,并提供了Partial<T>,这允许您这样做....
class Person {
public name: string = "default"
public address: string = "default"
public age: number = 0;
public constructor(init?:Partial<Person>) {
Object.assign(this, init);
}
}
let persons = [
new Person(),
new Person({}),
new Person({name:"John"}),
new Person({address:"Earth"}),
new Person({age:20, address:"Earth", name:"John"}),
];
最初的回答:
我的方法是定义一个单独的fields变量,然后传递给构造函数。诀窍是将这个初始化式的所有类字段重新定义为可选的。创建对象时(使用默认值),只需将初始化器对象赋值给this;
export class Person {
public name: string = "default"
public address: string = "default"
public age: number = 0;
public constructor(
fields?: {
name?: string,
address?: string,
age?: number
}) {
if (fields) Object.assign(this, fields);
}
}
或者手动操作(更安全):
if (fields) {
this.name = fields.name || this.name;
this.address = fields.address || this.address;
this.age = fields.age || this.age;
}
用法:
let persons = [
new Person(),
new Person({name:"Joe"}),
new Person({
name:"Joe",
address:"planet Earth"
}),
new Person({
age:5,
address:"planet Earth",
name:"Joe"
}),
new Person(new Person({name:"Joe"})) //shallow clone
];
控制台输出:
Person { name: 'default', address: 'default', age: 0 }
Person { name: 'Joe', address: 'default', age: 0 }
Person { name: 'Joe', address: 'planet Earth', age: 0 }
Person { name: 'Joe', address: 'planet Earth', age: 5 }
Person { name: 'Joe', address: 'default', age: 0 }
这为您提供了基本的安全和属性初始化,但这都是可选的,并且可能是无序的。如果不传递字段,则保留类的默认值。
您还可以将其与所需的构造函数参数混合使用——将字段放在末尾。
我认为这和c#风格差不多(实际的field-init语法被拒绝了)。我更喜欢适当的字段初始化器,但看起来还不会发生。
为了比较,如果你使用强制转换方法,你的初始化器对象必须有你要强制转换的类型的所有字段,加上不要得到任何类本身创建的类特定的函数(或派生)。
type ExcludeMethods<T> = Pick<T, { [K in keyof T]: T[K] extends Function ? never : K }[keyof T]>;
class Person{
name: string = "N/A";
age: number = 0;
gender?: "male" | "female"
constructor(init?:ExcludeMethods<Person>){
Object.assign(this, init);
}
Describe(){return `${this.name} ${this.age} ${this.gender ?? ""}` }
}
var p1 = new Person();
var p2 = new Person({
name: "John",
age: 20
});
var p3 = new Person({
name: "Mary",
age: 25,
gender: "female"
});
console.log(p1.Describe()) // N/A 0
console.log(p2.Describe()) // John 20
console.log(p3.Describe()) // Mary 25 female