下面的方法比这里计时的方法慢，但是我们可以基于多个列的内容计算额外的列，并且可以为额外的列计算两个以上的值。

使用“Set”列的简单示例:

def set_color(row):
    if row["Set"] == "Z":
        return "red"
    else:
        return "green"

df = df.assign(color=df.apply(set_color, axis=1))

print(df)

  Set Type  color
0   Z    A    red
1   Z    B    red
2   X    B  green
3   Y    C  green

考虑到更多颜色和更多列的例子:

def set_color(row):
    if row["Set"] == "Z":
        return "red"
    elif row["Type"] == "C":
        return "blue"
    else:
        return "green"

df = df.assign(color=df.apply(set_color, axis=1))

print(df)

  Set Type  color
0   Z    A    red
1   Z    B    red
2   X    B  green
3   Y    C   blue

编辑(21/06/2019):使用plydata

也可以使用plydata来做这类事情(不过，这似乎比使用assign和apply还要慢)。

from plydata import define, if_else

简单的if_else:

df = define(df, color=if_else('Set=="Z"', '"red"', '"green"'))

print(df)

  Set Type  color
0   Z    A    red
1   Z    B    red
2   X    B  green
3   Y    C  green

嵌套if_else:

df = define(df, color=if_else(
    'Set=="Z"',
    '"red"',
    if_else('Type=="C"', '"green"', '"blue"')))

print(df)                            

  Set Type  color
0   Z    A    red
1   Z    B    red
2   X    B   blue
3   Y    C  green

使用.apply()方法的一行代码如下:

df['color'] = df['Set'].apply(lambda set_: 'green' if set_=='Z' else 'red')

之后，df数据帧是这样的:

>>> print(df)
  Type Set  color
0    A   Z  green
1    B   Z  green
2    B   X    red
3    C   Y    red

一个使用np.select的更简洁的方法:

a = np.array([['A','Z'],['B','Z'],['B','X'],['C','Y']])
df = pd.DataFrame(a,columns=['Type','Set'])

conditions = [
    df['Set'] == 'Z'
]

outputs = [
    'Green'
    ]
             # conditions Z is Green, Red Otherwise.
res = np.select(conditions, outputs, 'Red')
res 
array(['Green', 'Green', 'Red', 'Red'], dtype='<U5')
df.insert(2, 'new_column',res)    

df
    Type    Set new_column
0   A   Z   Green
1   B   Z   Green
2   B   X   Red
3   C   Y   Red

df.to_numpy()    
    
array([['A', 'Z', 'Green'],
       ['B', 'Z', 'Green'],
       ['B', 'X', 'Red'],
       ['C', 'Y', 'Red']], dtype=object)

%%timeit conditions = [df['Set'] == 'Z'] 
outputs = ['Green'] 
np.select(conditions, outputs, 'Red')

134 µs ± 9.71 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000 loops each)

df2 = pd.DataFrame({'Type':list('ABBC')*1000000, 'Set':list('ZZXY')*1000000})
%%timeit conditions = [df2['Set'] == 'Z'] 
outputs = ['Green'] 
np.select(conditions, outputs, 'Red')

188 ms ± 26.5 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)

你可以使用pandas方法:

df['color'] = 'green'
df['color'] = df['color'].where(df['Set']=='Z', other='red')
# Replace values where the condition is False

or

df['color'] = 'red'
df['color'] = df['color'].mask(df['Set']=='Z', other='green')
# Replace values where the condition is True

或者，你也可以使用lambda函数的transform方法:

df['color'] = df['Set'].transform(lambda x: 'green' if x == 'Z' else 'red')

输出:

  Type Set  color
1    A   Z  green
2    B   Z  green
3    B   X    red
4    C   Y    red

@chai的性能比较:

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
df = pd.DataFrame({'Type':list('ABBC')*1000000, 'Set':list('ZZXY')*1000000})
 
%timeit df['color1'] = 'red'; df['color1'].where(df['Set']=='Z','green')
%timeit df['color2'] = ['red' if x == 'Z' else 'green' for x in df['Set']]
%timeit df['color3'] = np.where(df['Set']=='Z', 'red', 'green')
%timeit df['color4'] = df.Set.map(lambda x: 'red' if x == 'Z' else 'green')

397 ms ± 101 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)
976 ms ± 241 ms per loop
673 ms ± 139 ms per loop
796 ms ± 182 ms per loop

您可以简单地使用强大的.loc方法，并根据需要使用一个或多个条件(使用pandas=1.0.5进行测试)。

代码总结:

df=pd.DataFrame(dict(Type='A B B C'.split(), Set='Z Z X Y'.split()))
df['Color'] = "red"
df.loc[(df['Set']=="Z"), 'Color'] = "green"

#practice!
df.loc[(df['Set']=="Z")&(df['Type']=="B")|(df['Type']=="C"), 'Color'] = "purple"

解释:

df=pd.DataFrame(dict(Type='A B B C'.split(), Set='Z Z X Y'.split()))

# df so far: 
  Type Set  
0    A   Z 
1    B   Z 
2    B   X 
3    C   Y

添加“color”列，并将所有值设置为“red”

df['Color'] = "red"

应用你的单一条件:

df.loc[(df['Set']=="Z"), 'Color'] = "green"


# df: 
  Type Set  Color
0    A   Z  green
1    B   Z  green
2    B   X    red
3    C   Y    red

或者多重条件:

df.loc[(df['Set']=="Z")&(df['Type']=="B")|(df['Type']=="C"), 'Color'] = "purple"

你可以在这里阅读Pandas逻辑运算符和条件选择: Pandas中用于布尔索引的逻辑运算符

另一种实现这一目标的方法是

df['color'] = df.Set.map( lambda x: 'red' if x == 'Z' else 'green')