与其他类似的问题不同,这个问题是关于如何使用c++的新特性。
2008 c Is there a simple way to convert C++ enum to string?
2008 c Easy way to use variables of enum types as string in C?
2008 c++ How to easily map c++ enums to strings
2008 c++ Making something both a C identifier and a string?
2008 c++ Is there a simple script to convert C++ enum to string?
2009 c++ How to use enums as flags in C++?
2011 c++ How to convert an enum type variable to a string?
2011 c++ Enum to String C++
2011 c++ How to convert an enum type variable to a string?
2012 c How to convert enum names to string in c
2013 c Stringifying an conditionally compiled enum in C
看了很多答案后,我还没有找到:
优雅的方式使用c++ 11、c++ 14或c++ 17的新特性
或者在Boost中使用一些现成的东西
还有一些东西计划在c++ 20中实现
例子
举例往往比冗长的解释更好。
您可以在Coliru上编译和运行这个代码片段。
(另一个前面的例子也可用)
#include <map>
#include <iostream>
struct MyClass
{
enum class MyEnum : char {
AAA = -8,
BBB = '8',
CCC = AAA + BBB
};
};
// Replace magic() by some faster compile-time generated code
// (you're allowed to replace the return type with std::string
// if that's easier for you)
const char* magic (MyClass::MyEnum e)
{
const std::map<MyClass::MyEnum,const char*> MyEnumStrings {
{ MyClass::MyEnum::AAA, "MyClass::MyEnum::AAA" },
{ MyClass::MyEnum::BBB, "MyClass::MyEnum::BBB" },
{ MyClass::MyEnum::CCC, "MyClass::MyEnum::CCC" }
};
auto it = MyEnumStrings.find(e);
return it == MyEnumStrings.end() ? "Out of range" : it->second;
}
int main()
{
std::cout << magic(MyClass::MyEnum::AAA) <<'\n';
std::cout << magic(MyClass::MyEnum::BBB) <<'\n';
std::cout << magic(MyClass::MyEnum::CCC) <<'\n';
}
约束
请不要无价值的重复其他答案或基本链接。
请避免基于宏的臃肿答案,或尽量减少#define开销。
请不要手动enum ->字符串映射。
很高兴有
支持从不同于零的数字开始的enum值
支持负enum值
支持碎片enum值
支持类枚举(c++ 11)
支持类枚举:<类型>有任何允许的<类型> (c++ 11)
编译时(不是运行时)到字符串的转换,
或者至少在运行时快速执行(例如std::map不是一个好主意…)
constexpr (c++ 11,然后在c++ 14/17/20中放松)
noexcept (C + + 11)
c++ 17/ c++ 20友好的代码片段
一个可能的想法是使用c++编译器功能,在编译时使用基于可变参数模板类和constexpr函数的元编程技巧来生成c++代码……
这个要点提供了一个基于c++可变参数模板的简单映射。
这是一个c++ 17简化版的基于类型的映射的要点:
#include <cstring> // http://stackoverflow.com/q/24520781
template<typename KeyValue, typename ... RestOfKeyValues>
struct map {
static constexpr typename KeyValue::key_t get(const char* val) noexcept {
if constexpr (sizeof...(RestOfKeyValues)==0) // C++17 if constexpr
return KeyValue::key; // Returns last element
else {
static_assert(KeyValue::val != nullptr,
"Only last element may have null name");
return strcmp(val, KeyValue::val())
? map<RestOfKeyValues...>::get(val) : KeyValue::key;
}
}
static constexpr const char* get(typename KeyValue::key_t key) noexcept {
if constexpr (sizeof...(RestOfKeyValues)==0)
return (KeyValue::val != nullptr) && (key == KeyValue::key)
? KeyValue::val() : "";
else
return (key == KeyValue::key)
? KeyValue::val() : map<RestOfKeyValues...>::get(key);
}
};
template<typename Enum, typename ... KeyValues>
class names {
typedef map<KeyValues...> Map;
public:
static constexpr Enum get(const char* nam) noexcept {
return Map::get(nam);
}
static constexpr const char* get(Enum key) noexcept {
return Map::get(key);
}
};
用法示例:
enum class fasion {
fancy,
classic,
sporty,
emo,
__last__ = emo,
__unknown__ = -1
};
#define NAME(s) static inline constexpr const char* s() noexcept {return #s;}
namespace name {
NAME(fancy)
NAME(classic)
NAME(sporty)
NAME(emo)
}
template<auto K, const char* (*V)()> // C++17 template<auto>
struct _ {
typedef decltype(K) key_t;
typedef decltype(V) name_t;
static constexpr key_t key = K; // enum id value
static constexpr name_t val = V; // enum id name
};
typedef names<fasion,
_<fasion::fancy, name::fancy>,
_<fasion::classic, name::classic>,
_<fasion::sporty, name::sporty>,
_<fasion::emo, name::emo>,
_<fasion::__unknown__, nullptr>
> fasion_names;
map < keyvalue…>可以双向使用:
fasion_names:把(in fashion: emo)
fasion_names::把(“emo”)
这个例子可以在godbolt.org上找到
int main ()
{
constexpr auto str = fasion_names::get(fasion::emo);
constexpr auto fsn = fasion_names::get(str);
return (int) fsn;
}
结果:gc -7 -std=c++1z -Ofast -S
main:
mov eax, 3
ret
我的解决方案是不使用宏。
优点:
你知道你在做什么
访问是通过哈希映射进行的,因此适用于许多有值枚举
不需要考虑顺序值或非连续值
既enum到字符串和字符串到enum转换,而添加的enum值必须添加在一个额外的地方
缺点:
您需要将所有枚举值复制为文本
哈希映射中的访问必须考虑字符串大小写
维护如果添加值是痛苦的-必须添加在enum和直接翻译映射
所以…直到c++实现c# Enum。解析功能,我将坚持这个:
#include <unordered_map>
enum class Language
{ unknown,
Chinese,
English,
French,
German
// etc etc
};
class Enumerations
{
public:
static void fnInit(void);
static std::unordered_map <std::wstring, Language> m_Language;
static std::unordered_map <Language, std::wstring> m_invLanguage;
private:
static void fnClear();
static void fnSetValues(void);
static void fnInvertValues(void);
static bool m_init_done;
};
std::unordered_map <std::wstring, Language> Enumerations::m_Language = std::unordered_map <std::wstring, Language>();
std::unordered_map <Language, std::wstring> Enumerations::m_invLanguage = std::unordered_map <Language, std::wstring>();
void Enumerations::fnInit()
{
fnClear();
fnSetValues();
fnInvertValues();
}
void Enumerations::fnClear()
{
m_Language.clear();
m_invLanguage.clear();
}
void Enumerations::fnSetValues(void)
{
m_Language[L"unknown"] = Language::unknown;
m_Language[L"Chinese"] = Language::Chinese;
m_Language[L"English"] = Language::English;
m_Language[L"French"] = Language::French;
m_Language[L"German"] = Language::German;
// and more etc etc
}
void Enumerations::fnInvertValues(void)
{
for (auto it = m_Language.begin(); it != m_Language.end(); it++)
{
m_invLanguage[it->second] = it->first;
}
}
// usage -
//Language aLanguage = Language::English;
//wstring sLanguage = Enumerations::m_invLanguage[aLanguage];
//wstring sLanguage = L"French" ;
//Language aLanguage = Enumerations::m_Language[sLanguage];
在类/struct (struct默认为public成员)和重载操作符中使用enum的解决方案:
struct Color
{
enum Enum { RED, GREEN, BLUE };
Enum e;
Color() {}
Color(Enum e) : e(e) {}
Color operator=(Enum o) { e = o; return *this; }
Color operator=(Color o) { e = o.e; return *this; }
bool operator==(Enum o) { return e == o; }
bool operator==(Color o) { return e == o.e; }
operator Enum() const { return e; }
std::string toString() const
{
switch (e)
{
case Color::RED:
return "red";
case Color::GREEN:
return "green";
case Color::BLUE:
return "blue";
default:
return "unknown";
}
}
};
从外部看,它几乎完全像一个类枚举:
Color red;
red = Color::RED;
Color blue = Color::BLUE;
cout << red.toString() << " " << Color::GREEN << " " << blue << endl;
这将输出“red 12”。你可以重载<<使蓝色输出成为一个字符串(尽管这可能会导致歧义,所以不可能),但它不会与Color::GREEN一起工作,因为它不会自动转换为Color。
隐式转换为Enum(隐式转换为int或给定类型)的目的是能够做到:
Color color;
switch (color) ...
这是可行的,但这也意味着这也是可行的:
int i = color;
对于枚举类,它不会编译。
如果重载两个函数,接受枚举和整数,或者删除隐式转换…
另一个解决方案将涉及使用实际的枚举类和静态成员:
struct Color
{
enum class Enum { RED, GREEN, BLUE };
static const Enum RED = Enum::RED, GREEN = Enum::GREEN, BLUE = Enum::BLUE;
//same as previous...
};
它可能会占用更多的空间,并且花费更长的时间,但会导致隐式int转换的编译错误。我就会用这个!
虽然这样做肯定有开销,但我认为它比我见过的其他代码更简单,看起来更好。还可以添加功能,这些功能都可以在类中进行范围限定。
编辑:这是有效的,大多数可以在执行前编译:
class Color
{
public:
enum class Enum { RED, GREEN, BLUE };
static const Enum RED = Enum::RED, GREEN = Enum::GREEN, BLUE = Enum::BLUE;
constexpr Color() : e(Enum::RED) {}
constexpr Color(Enum e) : e(e) {}
constexpr bool operator==(Enum o) const { return e == o; }
constexpr bool operator==(Color o) const { return e == o.e; }
constexpr operator Enum() const { return e; }
Color& operator=(Enum o) { const_cast<Enum>(this->e) = o; return *this; }
Color& operator=(Color o) { const_cast<Enum>(this->e) = o.e; return *this; }
std::string toString() const
{
switch (e)
{
case Enum::RED:
return "red";
case Enum::GREEN:
return "green";
case Enum::BLUE:
return "blue";
default:
return "unknown";
}
}
private:
const Enum e;
};
很长一段时间以来,我也一直为这个问题感到沮丧,还有以适当的方式将类型转换为字符串的问题。然而,对于最后一个问题,我对在标准c++中打印变量类型是否可能解释的解决方案感到惊讶?,使用的思想从Can I obtain c++ type name in a constexpr way?使用这种技术,可以构造一个类似的函数来获取枚举值为string:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class static_string
{
const char* const p_;
const std::size_t sz_;
public:
typedef const char* const_iterator;
template <std::size_t N>
constexpr static_string(const char(&a)[N]) noexcept
: p_(a)
, sz_(N - 1)
{}
constexpr static_string(const char* p, std::size_t N) noexcept
: p_(p)
, sz_(N)
{}
constexpr const char* data() const noexcept { return p_; }
constexpr std::size_t size() const noexcept { return sz_; }
constexpr const_iterator begin() const noexcept { return p_; }
constexpr const_iterator end() const noexcept { return p_ + sz_; }
constexpr char operator[](std::size_t n) const
{
return n < sz_ ? p_[n] : throw std::out_of_range("static_string");
}
};
inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, static_string const& s)
{
return os.write(s.data(), s.size());
}
/// \brief Get the name of a type
template <class T>
static_string typeName()
{
#ifdef __clang__
static_string p = __PRETTY_FUNCTION__;
return static_string(p.data() + 30, p.size() - 30 - 1);
#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
static_string p = __FUNCSIG__;
return static_string(p.data() + 37, p.size() - 37 - 7);
#endif
}
namespace details
{
template <class Enum>
struct EnumWrapper
{
template < Enum enu >
static static_string name()
{
#ifdef __clang__
static_string p = __PRETTY_FUNCTION__;
static_string enumType = typeName<Enum>();
return static_string(p.data() + 73 + enumType.size(), p.size() - 73 - enumType.size() - 1);
#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
static_string p = __FUNCSIG__;
static_string enumType = typeName<Enum>();
return static_string(p.data() + 57 + enumType.size(), p.size() - 57 - enumType.size() - 7);
#endif
}
};
}
/// \brief Get the name of an enum value
template <typename Enum, Enum enu>
static_string enumName()
{
return details::EnumWrapper<Enum>::template name<enu>();
}
enum class Color
{
Blue = 0,
Yellow = 1
};
int main()
{
std::cout << "_" << typeName<Color>() << "_" << std::endl;
std::cout << "_" << enumName<Color, Color::Blue>() << "_" << std::endl;
return 0;
}
上面的代码只在Clang(参见https://ideone.com/je5Quv)和VS2015上进行了测试,但是应该可以通过对整数常量进行一些调整来适应其他编译器。当然,它仍然在底层使用宏,但至少有一个宏不需要访问枚举实现。
#define ENUM_MAKE(TYPE, ...) \
enum class TYPE {__VA_ARGS__};\
struct Helper_ ## TYPE { \
static const String& toName(TYPE type) {\
int index = static_cast<int>(type);\
return splitStringVec()[index];}\
static const TYPE toType(const String& name){\
static std::unordered_map<String,TYPE> typeNameMap;\
if( typeNameMap.empty() )\
{\
const StringVector& ssVec = splitStringVec();\
for (size_t i = 0; i < ssVec.size(); ++i)\
typeNameMap.insert(std::make_pair(ssVec[i], static_cast<TYPE>(i)));\
}\
return typeNameMap[name];}\
static const StringVector& splitStringVec() {\
static StringVector typeNameVector;\
if(typeNameVector.empty()) \
{\
typeNameVector = StringUtil::split(#__VA_ARGS__, ",");\
for (auto& name : typeNameVector)\
{\
name.erase(std::remove(name.begin(), name.end(), ' '),name.end()); \
name = String(#TYPE) + "::" + name;\
}\
}\
return typeNameVector;\
}\
};
using String = std::string;
using StringVector = std::vector<String>;
StringVector StringUtil::split( const String& str, const String& delims, unsigned int maxSplits, bool preserveDelims)
{
StringVector ret;
// Pre-allocate some space for performance
ret.reserve(maxSplits ? maxSplits+1 : 10); // 10 is guessed capacity for most case
unsigned int numSplits = 0;
// Use STL methods
size_t start, pos;
start = 0;
do
{
pos = str.find_first_of(delims, start);
if (pos == start)
{
// Do nothing
start = pos + 1;
}
else if (pos == String::npos || (maxSplits && numSplits == maxSplits))
{
// Copy the rest of the string
ret.push_back( str.substr(start) );
break;
}
else
{
// Copy up to delimiter
ret.push_back( str.substr(start, pos - start) );
if(preserveDelims)
{
// Sometimes there could be more than one delimiter in a row.
// Loop until we don't find any more delims
size_t delimStart = pos, delimPos;
delimPos = str.find_first_not_of(delims, delimStart);
if (delimPos == String::npos)
{
// Copy the rest of the string
ret.push_back( str.substr(delimStart) );
}
else
{
ret.push_back( str.substr(delimStart, delimPos - delimStart) );
}
}
start = pos + 1;
}
// parse up to next real data
start = str.find_first_not_of(delims, start);
++numSplits;
} while (pos != String::npos);
return ret;
}
例子
ENUM_MAKE(MY_TEST, MY_1, MY_2, MY_3)
MY_TEST s1 = MY_TEST::MY_1;
MY_TEST s2 = MY_TEST::MY_2;
MY_TEST s3 = MY_TEST::MY_3;
String z1 = Helper_MY_TEST::toName(s1);
String z2 = Helper_MY_TEST::toName(s2);
String z3 = Helper_MY_TEST::toName(s3);
MY_TEST q1 = Helper_MY_TEST::toType(z1);
MY_TEST q2 = Helper_MY_TEST::toType(z2);
MY_TEST q3 = Helper_MY_TEST::toType(z3);
自动ENUM_MAKE宏生成“枚举类”和“枚举反射函数”辅助类。
为了减少错误,Everything只定义一个ENUM_MAKE。
这种代码的优点是自动创建用于反射和查看宏代码,易于理解的代码。'enum to string', 'string to enum'性能都是算法O(1)。
缺点是第一次使用时,枚举relection的string vector和map的helper类被初始化。
但是如果你想,你也会被预初始化。- - - - - -
几天前我也遇到了同样的问题。没有一些奇怪的宏魔法,我找不到任何c++解决方案,所以我决定写一个CMake代码生成器来生成简单的开关case语句。
用法:
enum2str_generate(
PATH <path to place the files in>
CLASS_NAME <name of the class (also prefix for the files)>
FUNC_NAME <name of the (static) member function>
NAMESPACE <the class will be inside this namespace>
INCLUDES <LIST of files where the enums are defined>
ENUMS <LIST of enums to process>
BLACKLIST <LIST of constants to ignore>
USE_CONSTEXPR <whether to use constexpr or not (default: off)>
USE_C_STRINGS <whether to use c strings instead of std::string or not (default: off)>
)
该函数搜索文件系统中的include文件(使用include_directories命令提供的include目录),读取它们并执行一些regex来生成类和函数。
注意:constexpr在c++中意味着内联,所以使用USE_CONSTEXPR选项将只生成一个头类!
例子:
- includes a。h:
enum AAA : char { A1, A2 };
typedef enum {
VAL1 = 0,
VAL2 = 1,
VAL3 = 2,
VAL_FIRST = VAL1, // Ignored
VAL_LAST = VAL3, // Ignored
VAL_DUPLICATE = 1, // Ignored
VAL_STRANGE = VAL2 + 1 // Must be blacklisted
} BBB;
/ CMakeLists.txt:
include_directories( ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/includes ...)
enum2str_generate(
PATH "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}"
CLASS_NAME "enum2Str"
NAMESPACE "abc"
FUNC_NAME "toStr"
INCLUDES "a.h" # WITHOUT directory
ENUMS "AAA" "BBB"
BLACKLIST "VAL_STRANGE")
生成:
/ enum2Str.hpp:
/*!
* \file enum2Str.hpp
* \warning This is an automatically generated file!
*/
#ifndef ENUM2STR_HPP
#define ENUM2STR_HPP
#include <string>
#include <a.h>
namespace abc {
class enum2Str {
public:
static std::string toStr( AAA _var ) noexcept;
static std::string toStr( BBB _var ) noexcept;
};
}
#endif // ENUM2STR_HPP
/ enum2Str.cpp:
/*!
* \file enum2Str.cpp
* \warning This is an automatically generated file!
*/
#include "enum2Str.hpp"
namespace abc {
/*!
* \brief Converts the enum AAA to a std::string
* \param _var The enum value to convert
* \returns _var converted to a std::string
*/
std::string enum2Str::toStr( AAA _var ) noexcept {
switch ( _var ) {
case A1: return "A1";
case A2: return "A2";
default: return "<UNKNOWN>";
}
}
/*!
* \brief Converts the enum BBB to a std::string
* \param _var The enum value to convert
* \returns _var converted to a std::string
*/
std::string enum2Str::toStr( BBB _var ) noexcept {
switch ( _var ) {
case VAL1: return "VAL1";
case VAL2: return "VAL2";
case VAL3: return "VAL3";
default: return "<UNKNOWN>";
}
}
}
更新:
脚本现在还支持作用域枚举(枚举类|struct)和
我将它与一些我经常使用的其他脚本一起移动到一个单独的repo: https://github.com/mensinda/cmakeBuildTools