查询结果:

table |     column     |          type          | notnull |  index_name  | is_index | primarykey | uniquekey | default
-------+----------------+------------------------+---------+--------------+----------+-   -----------+-----------+---------
 nodes | dns_datacenter | character varying(255) | f       |              | f        | f          | f         |
 nodes | dns_name       | character varying(255) | f       | dns_name_idx | t        | f          | f         |
 nodes | id             | uuid                   | t       | nodes_pkey   | t        | t          | t         |
(3 rows)

查询:

SELECT  
c.relname AS table,
f.attname AS column,  
pg_catalog.format_type(f.atttypid,f.atttypmod) AS type,
f.attnotnull AS notnull,  
i.relname as index_name,
CASE  
    WHEN i.oid<>0 THEN 't'  
    ELSE 'f'  
END AS is_index,  
CASE  
    WHEN p.contype = 'p' THEN 't'  
    ELSE 'f'  
END AS primarykey,  
CASE  
    WHEN p.contype = 'u' THEN 't' 
    WHEN p.contype = 'p' THEN 't' 
    ELSE 'f'
END AS uniquekey,
CASE
    WHEN f.atthasdef = 't' THEN d.adsrc
END AS default  FROM pg_attribute f  
JOIN pg_class c ON c.oid = f.attrelid  
JOIN pg_type t ON t.oid = f.atttypid  
LEFT JOIN pg_attrdef d ON d.adrelid = c.oid AND d.adnum = f.attnum  
LEFT JOIN pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace  
LEFT JOIN pg_constraint p ON p.conrelid = c.oid AND f.attnum = ANY (p.conkey)  
LEFT JOIN pg_class AS g ON p.confrelid = g.oid
LEFT JOIN pg_index AS ix ON f.attnum = ANY(ix.indkey) and c.oid = f.attrelid and c.oid = ix.indrelid 
LEFT JOIN pg_class AS i ON ix.indexrelid = i.oid 

WHERE c.relkind = 'r'::char  
AND n.nspname = 'public'  -- Replace with Schema name 
--AND c.relname = 'nodes'  -- Replace with table name, or Comment this for get all tables
AND f.attnum > 0
ORDER BY c.relname,f.attname;

有一个简单的解决方案:

SELECT 
  t.relname table_name,
  ix.relname index_name,
  indisunique,
  indisprimary, 
  regexp_replace(pg_get_indexdef(indexrelid), '.*\((.*)\)', '\1') columns
FROM pg_index i
JOIN pg_class t ON t.oid = i.indrelid
JOIN pg_class ix ON ix.oid = i.indexrelid
WHERE t.relname LIKE 'test%'

`

select t.relname as table_name, 
       i.relname as index_name, 
       array_position(ix.indkey,a.attnum) pos, 
       a.attname as column_name
from pg_class t
join pg_index ix on t.oid = ix.indrelid
join pg_class i on i.oid = ix.indexrelid
join pg_attribute a on a.attrelid = t.oid and a.attnum = ANY(ix.indkey)
where t.relkind = 'r'
and t.relname like 'orders'
order by t.relname, i.relname, array_position(ix.indkey,a.attnum)

@cope360接受的答案很好，但我想要一些更像Oracle的DBA_IND_COLUMNS, ALL_IND_COLUMNS和USER_IND_COLUMNS(例如，报告表/索引模式和索引在多列索引中的位置)，所以我把接受的答案改编成这样:

with
 ind_cols as (
select
    n.nspname as schema_name,
    t.relname as table_name,
    i.relname as index_name,
    a.attname as column_name,
    1 + array_position(ix.indkey, a.attnum) as column_position
from
     pg_catalog.pg_class t
join pg_catalog.pg_attribute a on t.oid    =      a.attrelid 
join pg_catalog.pg_index ix    on t.oid    =     ix.indrelid
join pg_catalog.pg_class i     on a.attnum = any(ix.indkey)
                              and i.oid    =     ix.indexrelid
join pg_catalog.pg_namespace n on n.oid    =      t.relnamespace
where t.relkind = 'r'
order by
    t.relname,
    i.relname,
    array_position(ix.indkey, a.attnum)
)
select * 
from ind_cols
where schema_name = 'test'
  and table_name  = 'indextest'
order by schema_name, table_name
;

这将给出如下输出:

 schema_name | table_name | index_name | column_name | column_position 
-------------+------------+------------+-------------+-----------------
 test        | indextest  | testind1   | singleindex |               1
 test        | indextest  | testind2   | firstoftwo  |               1
 test        | indextest  | testind2   | secondoftwo |               2
(3 rows)

一些样本数据…

create table test (a int, b int, c int, constraint pk_test primary key(a, b));
create table test2 (a int, b int, c int, constraint uk_test2 unique (b, c));
create table test3 (a int, b int, c int, constraint uk_test3b unique (b), constraint uk_test3c unique (c), constraint uk_test3ab unique (a, b));

使用pg_get_indexdef函数:

select pg_get_indexdef(indexrelid) from pg_index where indrelid = 'test'::regclass;

                    pg_get_indexdef
--------------------------------------------------------
 CREATE UNIQUE INDEX pk_test ON test USING btree (a, b)
(1 row)


select pg_get_indexdef(indexrelid) from pg_index where indrelid = 'test2'::regclass;
                     pg_get_indexdef
----------------------------------------------------------
 CREATE UNIQUE INDEX uk_test2 ON test2 USING btree (b, c)
(1 row)


select pg_get_indexdef(indexrelid) from pg_index where indrelid ='test3'::regclass;
                      pg_get_indexdef
------------------------------------------------------------
 CREATE UNIQUE INDEX uk_test3b ON test3 USING btree (b)
 CREATE UNIQUE INDEX uk_test3c ON test3 USING btree (c)
 CREATE UNIQUE INDEX uk_test3ab ON test3 USING btree (a, b)
(3 rows)

我认为这个版本在这个线程上还不存在:它提供了列名列表和索引的ddl。

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW V_TABLE_INDEXES AS

SELECT
     n.nspname  as "schema"
    ,t.relname  as "table"
    ,c.relname  as "index"
    ,i.indisunique AS "is_unique"
    ,array_to_string(array_agg(a.attname), ', ') as "columns"
    ,pg_get_indexdef(i.indexrelid) as "ddl"
FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c
    JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid        = c.relnamespace
    JOIN pg_catalog.pg_index i ON i.indexrelid = c.oid
    JOIN pg_catalog.pg_class t ON i.indrelid   = t.oid
    JOIN pg_attribute a ON a.attrelid = t.oid AND a.attnum = ANY(i.indkey)
WHERE c.relkind = 'i'
      and n.nspname not in ('pg_catalog', 'pg_toast')
      and pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(c.oid)
GROUP BY
    n.nspname
    ,t.relname
    ,c.relname
    ,i.indisunique
    ,i.indexrelid
ORDER BY
    n.nspname
    ,t.relname
    ,c.relname;

我发现使用函数的索引不链接到列名，所以偶尔你会发现一个索引列表，例如一个列名，而实际上是使用3。

例子:

CREATE INDEX ui1 ON table1 (coalesce(col1,''),coalesce(col2,''),col3)

该查询仅返回'col3'作为索引上的列，但DDL显示了索引中使用的全部列。