二进制(或n-ary)树的BFS可以在没有队列的情况下递归完成，如下所示(在Java中):

public class BreathFirst {

    static class Node {
        Node(int value) {
            this(value, 0);
        }
        Node(int value, int nChildren) {
            this.value = value;
            this.children = new Node[nChildren];
        }
        int value;
        Node[] children;
    }

    static void breathFirst(Node root, Consumer<? super Node> printer) {
        boolean keepGoing = true;
        for (int level = 0; keepGoing; level++) {
            keepGoing = breathFirst(root, printer, level);
        }
    }

    static boolean breathFirst(Node node, Consumer<? super Node> printer, int depth) {
        if (depth < 0 || node == null) return false;
        if (depth == 0) {
            printer.accept(node);
            return true;
        }
        boolean any = false;
        for (final Node child : node.children) {
            any |= breathFirst(child, printer, depth - 1);
        }
        return any;
    }
}

按升序遍历打印数字1-12的示例:

public static void main(String... args) {
    //            1
    //          / | \
    //        2   3   4
    //      / |       | \
    //    5   6       7  8
    //  / |           | \
    // 9  10         11  12

    Node root = new Node(1, 3);
    root.children[0] = new Node(2, 2);
    root.children[1] = new Node(3);
    root.children[2] = new Node(4, 2);
    root.children[0].children[0] = new Node(5, 2);
    root.children[0].children[1] = new Node(6);
    root.children[2].children[0] = new Node(7, 2);
    root.children[2].children[1] = new Node(8);
    root.children[0].children[0].children[0] = new Node(9);
    root.children[0].children[0].children[1] = new Node(10);
    root.children[2].children[0].children[0] = new Node(11);
    root.children[2].children[0].children[1] = new Node(12);

    breathFirst(root, n -> System.out.println(n.value));
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define Max 1000

vector <int> adj[Max];
bool visited[Max];

void bfs_recursion_utils(queue<int>& Q) {
    while(!Q.empty()) {
        int u = Q.front();
        visited[u] = true;
        cout << u << endl;
        Q.pop();
        for(int i = 0; i < (int)adj[u].size(); ++i) {
            int v = adj[u][i];
            if(!visited[v])
                Q.push(v), visited[v] = true;
        }
        bfs_recursion_utils(Q);
    }
}

void bfs_recursion(int source, queue <int>& Q) {
    memset(visited, false, sizeof visited);
    Q.push(source);
    bfs_recursion_utils(Q);
}

int main(void) {
    queue <int> Q;
    adj[1].push_back(2);
    adj[1].push_back(3);
    adj[1].push_back(4);

    adj[2].push_back(5);
    adj[2].push_back(6);

    adj[3].push_back(7);

    bfs_recursion(1, Q);
    return 0;
}

设v为起始顶点

设G是问题中的图

下面是不使用队列的伪代码

Initially label v as visited as you start from v
BFS(G,v)
    for all adjacent vertices w of v in G:
        if vertex w is not visited:
            label w as visited
    for all adjacent vertices w of v in G:
        recursively call BFS(G,w)

我认为这可以使用指针来完成，而不使用任何队列。

基本上我们在任何地方都维护两个指针，一个指向父结点，另一个指向待处理的子结点(链接列表指向所有已处理的子结点)

现在你只需分配子进程的指针&当父进程处理完成时，你只需让子进程成为父进程进行下一层的处理

以下是我的代码:

//Tree Node
struct Node {
    int val;
    Node* left;
    Node* right;
    Node* next;

    Node() : val(0), left(NULL), right(NULL), next(NULL) {}

    Node(int _val) : val(_val), left(NULL), right(NULL), next(NULL) {}

    Node(int _val, Node* _left, Node* _right, Node* _next)
        : val(_val), left(_left), right(_right), next(_next) {}
};
    

/ / Algorightm:

    void LevelTraverse(Node* parent,Node* chidstart,Node* childend ){
        if(!parent && !chidstart) return;  // we processed everything
        
        if(!parent && chidstart){ //finished processing last level
            parent=chidstart;chidstart=childend=NULL; // assgin child to parent for processing next level
            LevelTraverse(parent,chidstart,childend);
        }else if(parent && !chidstart){ // This is new level first node tobe processed
            Node* temp=parent; parent=parent->next;
            if(temp->left) { childend=chidstart=temp->left; }
            if(chidstart){
                if(temp->right) { childend->next=temp->right; childend=temp->right; }
            }else{
                if(temp->right) { childend=chidstart=temp->right; }
            }
            LevelTraverse(parent,chidstart,childend);
        }else if(parent && chidstart){ //we are in mid of some level processing
            Node* temp=parent; parent=parent->next;
            if(temp->left) { childend->next=temp->left; childend=temp->left; }
            if(temp->right) { childend->next=temp->right; childend=temp->right; }
            LevelTraverse(parent,chidstart,childend);
        }
    }

//驱动代码:

    Node* connect(Node* root) {
        if(!root) return NULL;
        Node* parent; Node* childs, *childe; parent=childs=childe=NULL;
        parent=root;
        LevelTraverse(parent, childs, childe);
        return root;
    }

Here is a JavaScript Implementation that fakes Breadth First Traversal with Depth First recursion. I'm storing the node values at each depth inside an array, inside of a hash. If a level already exists(we have a collision), so we just push to the array at that level. You could use an array instead of a JavaScript object as well since our levels are numeric and can serve as array indices. You can return nodes, values, convert to a Linked List, or whatever you want. I'm just returning values for the sake of simplicity.

BinarySearchTree.prototype.breadthFirstRec = function() {

    var levels = {};

    var traverse = function(current, depth) {
        if (!current) return null;
        if (!levels[depth]) levels[depth] = [current.value];
        else levels[depth].push(current.value);
        traverse(current.left, depth + 1);
        traverse(current.right, depth + 1);
    };

    traverse(this.root, 0);
    return levels;
};


var bst = new BinarySearchTree();
bst.add(20, 22, 8, 4, 12, 10, 14, 24);
console.log('Recursive Breadth First: ', bst.breadthFirstRec());
/*Recursive Breadth First:  
{ '0': [ 20 ],
  '1': [ 8, 22 ],
  '2': [ 4, 12, 24 ],
  '3': [ 10, 14 ] } */

下面是一个使用迭代方法的实际广度优先遍历的示例。

BinarySearchTree.prototype.breadthFirst = function() {

    var result = '',
        queue = [],
        current = this.root;

    if (!current) return null;
    queue.push(current);

    while (current = queue.shift()) {
        result += current.value + ' ';
        current.left && queue.push(current.left);
        current.right && queue.push(current.right);
    }
    return result;
};

console.log('Breadth First: ', bst.breadthFirst());
//Breadth First:  20 8 22 4 12 24 10 14

下面使用Haskell对我来说似乎很自然。在树的各个层次上递归迭代(这里我将名字收集到一个大的有序字符串中，以显示树的路径):

data Node = Node {name :: String, children :: [Node]}
aTree = Node "r" [Node "c1" [Node "gc1" [Node "ggc1" []], Node "gc2" []] , Node "c2" [Node "gc3" []], Node "c3" [] ]
breadthFirstOrder x = levelRecurser [x]
    where levelRecurser level = if length level == 0
                                then ""
                                else concat [name node ++ " " | node <- level] ++ levelRecurser (concat [children node | node <- level])