在Java中实现单例设计模式的有效方法是什么?


当前回答

版本1:

public class MySingleton {
    private static MySingleton instance = null;
    private MySingleton() {}
    public static synchronized MySingleton getInstance() {
        if(instance == null) {
            instance = new MySingleton();
        }
        return instance;
    }
}

延迟加载,线程安全,阻塞,由于同步,性能低下。

版本2:

public class MySingleton {
    private MySingleton() {}
    private static class MySingletonHolder {
        public final static MySingleton instance = new MySingleton();
    }
    public static MySingleton getInstance() {
        return MySingletonHolder.instance;
    }
}

延迟加载,线程安全,无阻塞,高性能。

其他回答

这是如何实现一个简单的单例:

public class Singleton {
    // It must be static and final to prevent later modification
    private static final Singleton INSTANCE = new Singleton();
    /** The constructor must be private to prevent external instantiation */
    private Singleton(){}
    /** The public static method allowing to get the instance */
    public static Singleton getInstance() {
        return INSTANCE;
    }
}

这是如何正确地延迟创建单例:

public class Singleton {
    // The constructor must be private to prevent external instantiation
    private Singleton(){}
    /** The public static method allowing to get the instance */
    public static Singleton getInstance() {
        return SingletonHolder.INSTANCE;
    }
    /**
     * The static inner class responsible for creating your instance only on demand,
     * because the static fields of a class are only initialized when the class
     * is explicitly called and a class initialization is synchronized such that only
     * one thread can perform it, this rule is also applicable to inner static class
     * So here INSTANCE will be created only when SingletonHolder.INSTANCE
     * will be called
     */
    private static class SingletonHolder {
        private static final Singleton INSTANCE = new Singleton();
    }
}
public class Singleton {

    private static final Singleton INSTANCE = new Singleton();

    private Singleton() {
        if (INSTANCE != null)
            throw new IllegalStateException(“Already instantiated...”);
        }


    public synchronized static Singleton getInstance() {
        return INSTANCE;
    }

}

由于我们在getInstance之前添加了Synchronized关键字,因此在两个线程同时调用getInstance的情况下,我们避免了竞争条件。

有时简单的“static Foo=new Foo();”是不够的。想想你想做的一些基本数据插入。

另一方面,您必须同步任何实例化单例变量的方法。同步本身并不坏,但它可能会导致性能问题或锁定(在非常罕见的情况下,使用本示例。解决方案是

public class Singleton {

    private static Singleton instance = null;

    static {
          instance = new Singleton();
          // do some of your instantiation stuff here
    }

    private Singleton() {
          if(instance!=null) {
                  throw new ErrorYouWant("Singleton double-instantiation, should never happen!");
          }
    }

    public static getSingleton() {
          return instance;
    }

}

现在会发生什么?类通过类加载器加载。在从字节数组解释类之后,VM立即执行静态{}-块。这就是全部秘密:静态块只被调用一次,即这个单类加载器加载给定包的给定类(名称)的时间。

Java 5+中的线程安全:

class Foo {
    private static volatile Bar bar = null;
    public static Bar getBar() {
        if (bar == null) {
            synchronized(Foo.class) {
                if (bar == null)
                    bar = new Bar();
            }
        }
        return bar;
    }
}

注意此处的挥发性修饰语。:)这很重要,因为如果没有它,JMM(Java内存模型)就不能保证其他线程看到其值的更改。同步不会处理这一点——它只序列化对该代码块的访问。

@Bno的回答详细介绍了Bill Pugh(FindBugs)推荐的方法,并且可以更好地进行论证。去阅读并投票支持他的答案。

如果您不需要延迟加载,那么只需尝试:

public class Singleton {
    private final static Singleton INSTANCE = new Singleton();

    private Singleton() {}

    public static Singleton getInstance() { return Singleton.INSTANCE; }

    protected Object clone() {
        throw new CloneNotSupportedException();
    }
}

如果您希望延迟加载并且希望单例是线程安全的,请尝试双重检查模式:

public class Singleton {
    private static Singleton instance = null;

    private Singleton() {}

    public static Singleton getInstance() {
        if(null == instance) {
            synchronized(Singleton.class) {
                if(null == instance) {
                    instance = new Singleton();
                }
            }
        }
        return instance;
    }

    protected Object clone() {
        throw new CloneNotSupportedException();
    }
}

由于双重检查模式不能保证有效(由于编译器的一些问题,我对此一无所知),因此您也可以尝试同步整个getInstance方法或为所有单例创建注册表。