如何制作函数装饰器并将它们链接在一起？

我如何在Python中制作两个装饰器来完成以下操作？

@make_bold
@make_italic
def say():
   return "Hello"

调用say（）应返回：

"<b><i>Hello</i></b>"

当前回答

Python装饰器为另一个函数添加了额外的功能

斜体装饰符可以如下所示

def makeitalic(fn):
    def newFunc():
        return "<i>" + fn() + "</i>"
    return newFunc

注意，函数是在函数内部定义的。它基本上是用新定义的函数替换函数。例如，我有这门课

class foo:
    def bar(self):
        print "hi"
    def foobar(self):
        print "hi again"

现在，我希望两个函数在完成后和完成前都打印“---”。我可以在每个打印语句前后添加一个打印“---”。但因为我不喜欢重复自己，我会做一个装饰师

def addDashes(fn): # notice it takes a function as an argument
    def newFunction(self): # define a new function
        print "---"
        fn(self) # call the original function
        print "---"
    return newFunction
    # Return the newly defined function - it will "replace" the original

所以现在我可以把我的班级改成

class foo:
    @addDashes
    def bar(self):
        print "hi"

    @addDashes
    def foobar(self):
        print "hi again"

有关装饰器的详细信息，请查看http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-cpdecor.html

2009-04-11 07:19:12

其他回答

#decorator.py
def makeHtmlTag(tag, *args, **kwds):
    def real_decorator(fn):
        css_class = " class='{0}'".format(kwds["css_class"]) \
                                 if "css_class" in kwds else ""
        def wrapped(*args, **kwds):
            return "<"+tag+css_class+">" + fn(*args, **kwds) + "</"+tag+">"
        return wrapped
    # return decorator dont call it
    return real_decorator

@makeHtmlTag(tag="b", css_class="bold_css")
@makeHtmlTag(tag="i", css_class="italic_css")
def hello():
    return "hello world"

print hello()

也可以在类中编写decorator

#class.py
class makeHtmlTagClass(object):
    def __init__(self, tag, css_class=""):
        self._tag = tag
        self._css_class = " class='{0}'".format(css_class) \
                                       if css_class != "" else ""

    def __call__(self, fn):
        def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
            return "<" + self._tag + self._css_class+">"  \
                       + fn(*args, **kwargs) + "</" + self._tag + ">"
        return wrapped

@makeHtmlTagClass(tag="b", css_class="bold_css")
@makeHtmlTagClass(tag="i", css_class="italic_css")
def hello(name):
    return "Hello, {}".format(name)

print hello("Your name")

2014-04-03 09:43:12

查看文档以了解装饰器是如何工作的。以下是您的要求：

from functools import wraps

def makebold(fn):
    @wraps(fn)
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        return "<b>" + fn(*args, **kwargs) + "</b>"
    return wrapper

def makeitalic(fn):
    @wraps(fn)
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        return "<i>" + fn(*args, **kwargs) + "</i>"
    return wrapper

@makebold
@makeitalic
def hello():
    return "hello world"

@makebold
@makeitalic
def log(s):
    return s

print hello()        # returns "<b><i>hello world</i></b>"
print hello.__name__ # with functools.wraps() this returns "hello"
print log('hello')   # returns "<b><i>hello</i></b>"

2009-04-11 07:16:18

装饰器接受函数定义并创建一个新函数，该函数执行该函数并转换结果。

@deco
def do():
    ...

相当于：

do = deco(do)

例子：

def deco(func):
    def inner(letter):
        return func(letter).upper()  #upper
    return inner

This

@deco
def do(number):
    return chr(number)  # number to letter

相当于这个

def do2(number):
    return chr(number)

do2 = deco(do2)

65<=>“a”

print(do(65))
print(do2(65))
>>> B
>>> B

要理解decorator，需要注意的是，decorator创建了一个新的函数do，它在内部执行函数并转换结果。

2012-07-26 16:11:42

用不同数量的参数修饰函数：

def frame_tests(fn):
    def wrapper(*args):
        print "\nStart: %s" %(fn.__name__)
        fn(*args)
        print "End: %s\n" %(fn.__name__)
    return wrapper

@frame_tests
def test_fn1():
    print "This is only a test!"

@frame_tests
def test_fn2(s1):
    print "This is only a test! %s" %(s1)

@frame_tests
def test_fn3(s1, s2):
    print "This is only a test! %s %s" %(s1, s2)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    test_fn1()
    test_fn2('OK!')
    test_fn3('OK!', 'Just a test!')

结果：

Start: test_fn1  
This is only a test!  
End: test_fn1  
  
  
Start: test_fn2  
This is only a test! OK!  
End: test_fn2  
  
  
Start: test_fn3  
This is only a test! OK! Just a test!  
End: test_fn3

2013-04-05 18:18:08