I found that I had the same problem when I was running a project and debugging by attaching to an IIS process. I also was running in Debug mode with optimizations turned off. While I thought the code compiled fine, when I detached and tried to compile, one of the references was not found. This was due to another developer here that made modifications and changed the location of the reference. The reference did not show up with the alert symbol, so I thought everything was fine until I did the compilation. Once fixing the reference and running again it worked.

对于那些在调试Azure网站的web应用程序时遇到此问题的人，还有一个额外的答案:

例如，当从GitHub部署时，代码在默认优化的Azure服务器中编译。

通过将SCM_BUILD_ARGS设置为/p:Configuration=Debug，我告诉服务器以可调试的方式进行编译

但还有更多的选择。看到这个: http://azure.microsoft.com/blog/2014/05/08/introduction-to-remote-debugging-on-azure-web-sites-part-3-multi-instance-environment-and-git/

当我面临同样的问题时，我只需要在重建之前清理我的解决方案。这帮我解决了问题。

关于“优化代码”属性未选中的问题，但代码仍然编译为优化:在尝试了所有东西后，最后帮助我的是在同一设置页面上检查“启用非托管代码调试”复选框(项目属性-调试)。它与代码优化没有直接关系，但是启用这个功能后，VS不再优化我的库，我可以调试。

我也遇到过同样的问题，我的解决方案是将解决方案配置从发布更改为调试。希望能有所帮助

转到“项目属性”，在“构建”下确保“优化代码”复选框未选中。

此外，在高级选项(在构建选项卡下)中将“调试信息”下拉菜单设置为“完全”。