In my case, I ran into this error this way. pom.xml of my project defined two dependencies A and B. And both A and B defined dependency on same artifact (call it C) but different versions of it (C.1 and C.2). When this happens, for each class in C maven can only select one version of the class from the two versions (while building an uber-jar). It will select the "nearest" version based on its dependency mediation rules and will output a warning "We have a duplicate class..." If a method/class signature changes between the versions, it can cause a java.lang.IncompatibleClassChangeError exception if the incorrect version is used at runtime.

高级:如果A必须使用C的v1, B必须使用C的v2，那么我们必须在A和B的poms中重新定位C，以避免类冲突(我们有一个重复类警告)，当构建依赖于A和B的最终项目时。

While these answers are all correct, resolving the problem is often more difficult. It's generally the result of two mildly different versions of the same dependency on the classpath, and is almost always caused by either a different superclass than was originally compiled against being on the classpath or some import of the transitive closure being different, but generally at class instantiation and constructor invocation. (After successful class loading and ctor invocation, you'll get NoSuchMethodException or whatnot.)

如果这种行为看起来是随机的，那么它很可能是多线程程序类根据最先遇到的代码加载不同的传递依赖项的结果。

要解决这些问题，请尝试使用-verbose作为参数启动VM，然后查看异常发生时正在加载的类。你应该会看到一些令人惊讶的信息。例如，拥有相同依赖项的多个副本，以及您从未预料到的版本，或者如果您知道它们被包括在内，您就不会接受这些版本。

用Maven解决重复的jar最好是结合Maven下的Maven - Dependency - Plugin和Maven -enforcer- Plugin(或SBT的Dependency Graph Plugin)，然后将这些jar添加到顶级POM的一部分或作为SBT中的导入依赖元素(以删除这些依赖)。

好运！

由于某种原因，当使用JNI并在调用Call*Method()时传递jclass参数而不是jobject时，也会抛出相同的异常。

这与《食人魔诗篇》第33篇中的回答相似。

void example(JNIEnv *env, jobject inJavaList) {
    jclass class_List = env->FindClass("java/util/List");

    jmethodID method_size = env->GetMethodID(class_List, "size", "()I");
    long size = env->CallIntMethod(class_List, method_size); // should be passing 'inJavaList' instead of 'class_List'

    std::cout << "LIST SIZE " << size << std::endl;
}

我知道在被问到这个问题5年后再回答这个问题有点晚了，但这是搜索java.lang.IncompatibleClassChangeError时最热门的问题之一，所以我想记录这个特殊情况。

I have a web application that deploys perfectly fine on my local machine's tomcat(8.0.20). However, when I put it into the qa environment (tomcat - 8.0.20), it kept on giving me the IncompatibleClassChangeError and it was complaining that I was extending on an interface. This interface was changed to an abstract class. And I compiled the parent and child classes and still I kept on getting the same issue. Finally, I wanted to debug, so, I changed the version on the parent to x.0.1-SNAPSHOT and then compiled everything and now it is working. If someone is still hitting the problem after following the answers given here, please make sure the versions in your pom.xml are also correct. Change the versions to see if that works. If so, then fix the version problem.

我在与玻璃鱼的战争中反复部署时遇到过这个问题。我的班级结构是这样的，

public interface A{
}

public class AImpl implements A{
}

它被改成了

public abstract class A{
}

public class AImpl extends A{
}

在停止并重新启动域之后，结果很好。 我用的是glassfish 3.1.43

我遇到了同样的问题，后来我发现我是在Java版本1.4上运行应用程序，而应用程序是在版本6上编译的。

实际上，这是因为有一个重复的库，一个位于类路径中，另一个包含在位于类路径中的jar文件中。