另一种可能出现此错误的情况是Emma Code Coverage。

这发生在将Object分配给接口时。我猜这与对象被检测和不再二进制兼容有关。

http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3178921&group_id=177969&atid=883351

幸运的是，这个问题在Cobertura中没有发生，所以我在pom.xml的报告插件中添加了Cobertura -maven-plugin

这个问题的另一个原因是，如果你为Android Studio启用了即时运行。

修复

如果发现开始出现此错误，请关闭“立即运行”。

Android Studio主要设置 构建、执行、部署 即时运行 取消勾选“启用即时运行…”

Why

即时运行在开发过程中修改了大量的东西，以使它更快地提供更新到您的运行应用程序。因此，即时运行。当它起作用时，它真的很有用。然而，当出现这样的问题时，最好的办法是关闭即时运行，直到Android Studio发布下一个版本。

While these answers are all correct, resolving the problem is often more difficult. It's generally the result of two mildly different versions of the same dependency on the classpath, and is almost always caused by either a different superclass than was originally compiled against being on the classpath or some import of the transitive closure being different, but generally at class instantiation and constructor invocation. (After successful class loading and ctor invocation, you'll get NoSuchMethodException or whatnot.)

如果这种行为看起来是随机的，那么它很可能是多线程程序类根据最先遇到的代码加载不同的传递依赖项的结果。

要解决这些问题，请尝试使用-verbose作为参数启动VM，然后查看异常发生时正在加载的类。你应该会看到一些令人惊讶的信息。例如，拥有相同依赖项的多个副本，以及您从未预料到的版本，或者如果您知道它们被包括在内，您就不会接受这些版本。

用Maven解决重复的jar最好是结合Maven下的Maven - Dependency - Plugin和Maven -enforcer- Plugin(或SBT的Dependency Graph Plugin)，然后将这些jar添加到顶级POM的一部分或作为SBT中的导入依赖元素(以删除这些依赖)。

好运！

I have also discovered that, when using JNI, invoking a Java method from C++, if you pass parameters to the invoked Java method in the wrong order, you will get this error when you attempt to use the parameters inside the called method (because they won't be the right type). I was initially taken aback that JNI does not do this checking for you as part of the class signature checking when you invoke the method, but I assume they don't do this kind of checking because you may be passing polymorphic parameters and they have to assume you know what you are doing.

示例c++ JNI代码:

void invokeFooDoSomething() {
    jobject javaFred = FredFactory::getFred(); // Get a Fred jobject
    jobject javaFoo = FooFactory::getFoo(); // Get a Foo jobject
    jobject javaBar = FooFactory::getBar(); // Get a Bar jobject
    jmethodID methodID = getDoSomethingMethodId() // Get the JNI Method ID


    jniEnv->CallVoidMethod(javaFoo,
                           methodID,
                           javaFred, // Woops!  I switched the Fred and Bar parameters!
                           javaBar);

    // << Insert error handling code here to discover the JNI Exception >>
    //  ... This is where the IncompatibleClassChangeError will show up.
}

Java代码示例:

class Bar { ... }

class Fred {
    public int size() { ... }
} 

class Foo {
    public void doSomething(Fred aFred, Bar anotherObject) {
        if (name.size() > 0) { // Will throw a cryptic java.lang.IncompatibleClassChangeError
            // Do some stuff...
        }
    }
}

In my case, I ran into this error this way. pom.xml of my project defined two dependencies A and B. And both A and B defined dependency on same artifact (call it C) but different versions of it (C.1 and C.2). When this happens, for each class in C maven can only select one version of the class from the two versions (while building an uber-jar). It will select the "nearest" version based on its dependency mediation rules and will output a warning "We have a duplicate class..." If a method/class signature changes between the versions, it can cause a java.lang.IncompatibleClassChangeError exception if the incorrect version is used at runtime.

高级:如果A必须使用C的v1, B必须使用C的v2，那么我们必须在A和B的poms中重新定位C，以避免类冲突(我们有一个重复类警告)，当构建依赖于A和B的最终项目时。

请检查你的代码是否由两个具有相同类名和包定义的模块项目组成。例如，如果有人使用复制粘贴来创建基于先前实现的接口的新实现，就会发生这种情况。