如何从Ruby程序内部调用shell命令?然后如何将这些命令的输出返回到Ruby中?
当前回答
这个解释是基于我的一个朋友写的带注释的Ruby脚本。如果您想改进脚本,请在链接中进行更新。
首先,请注意,当Ruby调用shell时,它通常调用/bin/sh,而不是Bash。在所有系统上/bin/sh不支持某些Bash语法。
以下是执行shell脚本的方法:
cmd = "echo 'hi'" # Sample string that can be used
Kernel#` , commonly called backticks – `cmd` This is like many other languages, including Bash, PHP, and Perl. Returns the result (i.e. standard output) of the shell command. Docs: http://ruby-doc.org/core/Kernel.html#method-i-60 value = `echo 'hi'` value = `#{cmd}` Built-in syntax, %x( cmd ) Following the x character is a delimiter, which can be any character. If the delimiter is one of the characters (, [, {, or <, the literal consists of the characters up to the matching closing delimiter, taking account of nested delimiter pairs. For all other delimiters, the literal comprises the characters up to the next occurrence of the delimiter character. String interpolation #{ ... } is allowed. Returns the result (i.e. standard output) of the shell command, just like the backticks. Docs: https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/syntax/literals_rdoc.html#label-Percent+Strings value = %x( echo 'hi' ) value = %x[ #{cmd} ] Kernel#system Executes the given command in a subshell. Returns true if the command was found and run successfully, false otherwise. Docs: http://ruby-doc.org/core/Kernel.html#method-i-system wasGood = system( "echo 'hi'" ) wasGood = system( cmd ) Kernel#exec Replaces the current process by running the given external command. Returns none, the current process is replaced and never continues. Docs: http://ruby-doc.org/core/Kernel.html#method-i-exec exec( "echo 'hi'" ) exec( cmd ) # Note: this will never be reached because of the line above
这里有一些额外的建议: $ ?,与$CHILD_STATUS相同,如果使用反勾号、system()或%x{},则访问最后一个系统执行命令的状态。 然后你可以访问exitstatus和pid属性:
$?.exitstatus
更多阅读请参见:
http://www.elctech.com/blog/i-m-in-ur-commandline-executin-ma-commands http://blog.jayfields.com/2006/06/ruby-kernel-system-exec-and-x.html http://tech.natemurray.com/2007/03/ruby-shell-commands.html
其他回答
你也可以使用反勾操作符('),类似于Perl:
directoryListing = `ls /`
puts directoryListing # prints the contents of the root directory
如果你需要简单的东西,很方便。
你想要使用哪种方法取决于你想要完成什么;有关不同方法的更多细节,请查看文档。
使用这里的答案和Mihai的答案链接,我组合了一个满足这些要求的函数:
整洁地捕获STDOUT和STDERR,因此当我的脚本从控制台运行时,它们不会“泄漏”。 允许参数作为数组传递给shell,因此不需要担心转义。 捕获命令的退出状态,以便在发生错误时显示出来。
作为奖励,当shell命令成功退出(0)并将任何内容放在STDOUT上时,该命令还将返回STDOUT。在这种情况下,它与system不同,后者在这种情况下只返回true。
代码如下。具体的函数是system_quiet:
require 'open3'
class ShellError < StandardError; end
#actual function:
def system_quietly(*cmd)
exit_status=nil
err=nil
out=nil
Open3.popen3(*cmd) do |stdin, stdout, stderr, wait_thread|
err = stderr.gets(nil)
out = stdout.gets(nil)
[stdin, stdout, stderr].each{|stream| stream.send('close')}
exit_status = wait_thread.value
end
if exit_status.to_i > 0
err = err.chomp if err
raise ShellError, err
elsif out
return out.chomp
else
return true
end
end
#calling it:
begin
puts system_quietly('which', 'ruby')
rescue ShellError
abort "Looks like you don't have the `ruby` command. Odd."
end
#output: => "/Users/me/.rvm/rubies/ruby-1.9.2-p136/bin/ruby"
这个解释是基于我的一个朋友写的带注释的Ruby脚本。如果您想改进脚本,请在链接中进行更新。
首先,请注意,当Ruby调用shell时,它通常调用/bin/sh,而不是Bash。在所有系统上/bin/sh不支持某些Bash语法。
以下是执行shell脚本的方法:
cmd = "echo 'hi'" # Sample string that can be used
Kernel#` , commonly called backticks – `cmd` This is like many other languages, including Bash, PHP, and Perl. Returns the result (i.e. standard output) of the shell command. Docs: http://ruby-doc.org/core/Kernel.html#method-i-60 value = `echo 'hi'` value = `#{cmd}` Built-in syntax, %x( cmd ) Following the x character is a delimiter, which can be any character. If the delimiter is one of the characters (, [, {, or <, the literal consists of the characters up to the matching closing delimiter, taking account of nested delimiter pairs. For all other delimiters, the literal comprises the characters up to the next occurrence of the delimiter character. String interpolation #{ ... } is allowed. Returns the result (i.e. standard output) of the shell command, just like the backticks. Docs: https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/syntax/literals_rdoc.html#label-Percent+Strings value = %x( echo 'hi' ) value = %x[ #{cmd} ] Kernel#system Executes the given command in a subshell. Returns true if the command was found and run successfully, false otherwise. Docs: http://ruby-doc.org/core/Kernel.html#method-i-system wasGood = system( "echo 'hi'" ) wasGood = system( cmd ) Kernel#exec Replaces the current process by running the given external command. Returns none, the current process is replaced and never continues. Docs: http://ruby-doc.org/core/Kernel.html#method-i-exec exec( "echo 'hi'" ) exec( cmd ) # Note: this will never be reached because of the line above
这里有一些额外的建议: $ ?,与$CHILD_STATUS相同,如果使用反勾号、system()或%x{},则访问最后一个系统执行命令的状态。 然后你可以访问exitstatus和pid属性:
$?.exitstatus
更多阅读请参见:
http://www.elctech.com/blog/i-m-in-ur-commandline-executin-ma-commands http://blog.jayfields.com/2006/06/ruby-kernel-system-exec-and-x.html http://tech.natemurray.com/2007/03/ruby-shell-commands.html
我绝对不是Ruby专家,但我还是会试一试:
$ irb
system "echo Hi"
Hi
=> true
你还应该能够做以下事情:
cmd = 'ls'
system(cmd)
我喜欢的方法是使用%x文字,这使得在命令中使用引号很容易(而且易读!),如下所示:
directorylist = %x[find . -name '*test.rb' | sort]
在这种情况下,它将填充当前目录下的所有测试文件的文件列表,您可以按照预期进行处理:
directorylist.each do |filename|
filename.chomp!
# work with file
end
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