这个解释是基于我的一个朋友写的带注释的Ruby脚本。如果您想改进脚本，请在链接中进行更新。

首先，请注意，当Ruby调用shell时，它通常调用/bin/sh，而不是Bash。在所有系统上/bin/sh不支持某些Bash语法。

以下是执行shell脚本的方法:

cmd = "echo 'hi'" # Sample string that can be used

Kernel#` , commonly called backticks – `cmd` This is like many other languages, including Bash, PHP, and Perl. Returns the result (i.e. standard output) of the shell command. Docs: http://ruby-doc.org/core/Kernel.html#method-i-60 value = `echo 'hi'` value = `#{cmd}` Built-in syntax, %x( cmd ) Following the x character is a delimiter, which can be any character. If the delimiter is one of the characters (, [, {, or <, the literal consists of the characters up to the matching closing delimiter, taking account of nested delimiter pairs. For all other delimiters, the literal comprises the characters up to the next occurrence of the delimiter character. String interpolation #{ ... } is allowed. Returns the result (i.e. standard output) of the shell command, just like the backticks. Docs: https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/syntax/literals_rdoc.html#label-Percent+Strings value = %x( echo 'hi' ) value = %x[ #{cmd} ] Kernel#system Executes the given command in a subshell. Returns true if the command was found and run successfully, false otherwise. Docs: http://ruby-doc.org/core/Kernel.html#method-i-system wasGood = system( "echo 'hi'" ) wasGood = system( cmd ) Kernel#exec Replaces the current process by running the given external command. Returns none, the current process is replaced and never continues. Docs: http://ruby-doc.org/core/Kernel.html#method-i-exec exec( "echo 'hi'" ) exec( cmd ) # Note: this will never be reached because of the line above

这里有一些额外的建议: $ ?，与$CHILD_STATUS相同，如果使用反勾号、system()或%x{}，则访问最后一个系统执行命令的状态。 然后你可以访问exitstatus和pid属性:

$?.exitstatus

更多阅读请参见:

http://www.elctech.com/blog/i-m-in-ur-commandline-executin-ma-commands http://blog.jayfields.com/2006/06/ruby-kernel-system-exec-and-x.html http://tech.natemurray.com/2007/03/ruby-shell-commands.html

在这些机制之间进行选择时需要考虑的一些事情是:

你只是想要stdout还是 也需要stderr ?甚至 分离出来吗? 你的产出有多大?你想要 将整个结果保存在内存中? 你想读一些你的吗 在子进程静止时输出 跑步吗? 你需要结果代码吗? 你需要一个Ruby对象吗 表示流程并允许您 按需杀死它?

您可能需要简单的反撇号(' ')、system()和IO。popen到成熟的Kernel.fork/Kernel。执行IO。pipe和IO.select。

如果子进程执行时间过长，您可能还想在混合过程中加入超时。

不幸的是，这在很大程度上取决于情况。

如果您有一个比普通情况更复杂的情况，不能用' '来处理，那么请检查Kernel.spawn()。这似乎是Ruby提供的用于执行外部命令的最通用/功能最齐全的程序。

你可以用它来:

创建进程组(Windows)。 重定向进，出，错误文件/彼此。 设置env vars, umask。 执行命令前请更换目录。 设置CPU/数据等资源限制。 在其他答案中做其他选项可以做的所有事情，但需要更多的代码。

Ruby文档中有足够好的例子:

env: hash
  name => val : set the environment variable
  name => nil : unset the environment variable
command...:
  commandline                 : command line string which is passed to the standard shell
  cmdname, arg1, ...          : command name and one or more arguments (no shell)
  [cmdname, argv0], arg1, ... : command name, argv[0] and zero or more arguments (no shell)
options: hash
  clearing environment variables:
    :unsetenv_others => true   : clear environment variables except specified by env
    :unsetenv_others => false  : dont clear (default)
  process group:
    :pgroup => true or 0 : make a new process group
    :pgroup => pgid      : join to specified process group
    :pgroup => nil       : dont change the process group (default)
  create new process group: Windows only
    :new_pgroup => true  : the new process is the root process of a new process group
    :new_pgroup => false : dont create a new process group (default)
  resource limit: resourcename is core, cpu, data, etc.  See Process.setrlimit.
    :rlimit_resourcename => limit
    :rlimit_resourcename => [cur_limit, max_limit]
  current directory:
    :chdir => str
  umask:
    :umask => int
  redirection:
    key:
      FD              : single file descriptor in child process
      [FD, FD, ...]   : multiple file descriptor in child process
    value:
      FD                        : redirect to the file descriptor in parent process
      string                    : redirect to file with open(string, "r" or "w")
      [string]                  : redirect to file with open(string, File::RDONLY)
      [string, open_mode]       : redirect to file with open(string, open_mode, 0644)
      [string, open_mode, perm] : redirect to file with open(string, open_mode, perm)
      [:child, FD]              : redirect to the redirected file descriptor
      :close                    : close the file descriptor in child process
    FD is one of follows
      :in     : the file descriptor 0 which is the standard input
      :out    : the file descriptor 1 which is the standard output
      :err    : the file descriptor 2 which is the standard error
      integer : the file descriptor of specified the integer
      io      : the file descriptor specified as io.fileno
  file descriptor inheritance: close non-redirected non-standard fds (3, 4, 5, ...) or not
    :close_others => false : inherit fds (default for system and exec)
    :close_others => true  : dont inherit (default for spawn and IO.popen)

上面的答案已经非常棒了，但是我真的很想分享下面的总结文章:“在Ruby中运行Shell命令的6种方法”

基本上，它告诉我们:

# exec内核:

exec 'echo "hello $HOSTNAME"'

System和$?：

system 'false' 
puts $?

Backticks ():

today = `date`

IO # execlp:

IO.popen("date") { |f| puts f.gets }

Open3#popen3—stdlib:

require "open3"
stdin, stdout, stderr = Open3.popen3('dc') 

Open4#popen4—一个宝石:

require "open4" 
pid, stdin, stdout, stderr = Open4::popen4 "false" # => [26327, #<IO:0x6dff24>, #<IO:0x6dfee8>, #<IO:0x6dfe84>]

我喜欢的方法是使用%x文字，这使得在命令中使用引号很容易(而且易读!)，如下所示:

directorylist = %x[find . -name '*test.rb' | sort]

在这种情况下，它将填充当前目录下的所有测试文件的文件列表，您可以按照预期进行处理:

directorylist.each do |filename|
  filename.chomp!
  # work with file
end

下面是一个基于“何时在Ruby中使用启动子进程的每种方法”的流程图。另请参见“欺骗应用程序，使其误以为标准输出是终端，而不是管道”。