对我来说，这个变体是最快的:

#!/usr/bin/env python

def main():
    f = open('filename')                  
    lines = 0
    buf_size = 1024 * 1024
    read_f = f.read # loop optimization

    buf = read_f(buf_size)
    while buf:
        lines += buf.count('\n')
        buf = read_f(buf_size)

    print lines

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

原因:缓冲比逐行和逐字符串读取快。计数也非常快

在perfplot分析之后，必须推荐缓冲读取解决方案

def buf_count_newlines_gen(fname):
    def _make_gen(reader):
        while True:
            b = reader(2 ** 16)
            if not b: break
            yield b

    with open(fname, "rb") as f:
        count = sum(buf.count(b"\n") for buf in _make_gen(f.raw.read))
    return count

它速度快，内存效率高。大多数其他解决方案大约要慢20倍。

代码重现情节:

import mmap
import subprocess
from functools import partial

import perfplot


def setup(n):
    fname = "t.txt"
    with open(fname, "w") as f:
        for i in range(n):
            f.write(str(i) + "\n")
    return fname


def for_enumerate(fname):
    i = 0
    with open(fname) as f:
        for i, _ in enumerate(f):
            pass
    return i + 1


def sum1(fname):
    return sum(1 for _ in open(fname))


def mmap_count(fname):
    with open(fname, "r+") as f:
        buf = mmap.mmap(f.fileno(), 0)

    lines = 0
    while buf.readline():
        lines += 1
    return lines


def for_open(fname):
    lines = 0
    for _ in open(fname):
        lines += 1
    return lines


def buf_count_newlines(fname):
    lines = 0
    buf_size = 2 ** 16
    with open(fname) as f:
        buf = f.read(buf_size)
        while buf:
            lines += buf.count("\n")
            buf = f.read(buf_size)
    return lines


def buf_count_newlines_gen(fname):
    def _make_gen(reader):
        b = reader(2 ** 16)
        while b:
            yield b
            b = reader(2 ** 16)

    with open(fname, "rb") as f:
        count = sum(buf.count(b"\n") for buf in _make_gen(f.raw.read))
    return count


def wc_l(fname):
    return int(subprocess.check_output(["wc", "-l", fname]).split()[0])


def sum_partial(fname):
    with open(fname) as f:
        count = sum(x.count("\n") for x in iter(partial(f.read, 2 ** 16), ""))
    return count


def read_count(fname):
    return open(fname).read().count("\n")


b = perfplot.bench(
    setup=setup,
    kernels=[
        for_enumerate,
        sum1,
        mmap_count,
        for_open,
        wc_l,
        buf_count_newlines,
        buf_count_newlines_gen,
        sum_partial,
        read_count,
    ],
    n_range=[2 ** k for k in range(27)],
    xlabel="num lines",
)
b.save("out.png")
b.show()

我相信内存映射文件将是最快的解决方案。我尝试了四个函数:由OP发布的函数(opcount);对文件中的行进行简单迭代(simplecount);带有内存映射字段(mmap)的Readline (mapcount);以及Mykola Kharechko (buffcount)提供的缓冲区读取解决方案。

我将每个函数运行五次，并计算出120万在线文本文件的平均运行时间。

Windows XP, Python 2.5, 2GB RAM, 2ghz AMD处理器

以下是我的结果:

mapcount : 0.465599966049
simplecount : 0.756399965286
bufcount : 0.546800041199
opcount : 0.718600034714

编辑:Python 2.6的数字:

mapcount : 0.471799945831
simplecount : 0.634400033951
bufcount : 0.468800067902
opcount : 0.602999973297

因此，对于Windows/Python 2.6，缓冲区读取策略似乎是最快的

代码如下:

from __future__ import with_statement
import time
import mmap
import random
from collections import defaultdict

def mapcount(filename):
    f = open(filename, "r+")
    buf = mmap.mmap(f.fileno(), 0)
    lines = 0
    readline = buf.readline
    while readline():
        lines += 1
    return lines

def simplecount(filename):
    lines = 0
    for line in open(filename):
        lines += 1
    return lines

def bufcount(filename):
    f = open(filename)                  
    lines = 0
    buf_size = 1024 * 1024
    read_f = f.read # loop optimization

    buf = read_f(buf_size)
    while buf:
        lines += buf.count('\n')
        buf = read_f(buf_size)

    return lines

def opcount(fname):
    with open(fname) as f:
        for i, l in enumerate(f):
            pass
    return i + 1


counts = defaultdict(list)

for i in range(5):
    for func in [mapcount, simplecount, bufcount, opcount]:
        start_time = time.time()
        assert func("big_file.txt") == 1209138
        counts[func].append(time.time() - start_time)

for key, vals in counts.items():
    print key.__name__, ":", sum(vals) / float(len(vals))

对我来说，这个变体是最快的:

#!/usr/bin/env python

def main():
    f = open('filename')                  
    lines = 0
    buf_size = 1024 * 1024
    read_f = f.read # loop optimization

    buf = read_f(buf_size)
    while buf:
        lines += buf.count('\n')
        buf = read_f(buf_size)

    print lines

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

原因:缓冲比逐行和逐字符串读取快。计数也非常快

使用Numba

我们可以使用Numba来JIT(及时)编译我们的函数到机器代码。Def numbacountparallel(fname)运行速度快2.8倍 然后从问题中定义file_len(fname)。

注:

在运行基准测试之前，操作系统已经将文件缓存到内存中，因为我在我的PC上没有看到太多的磁盘活动。 第一次读取文件时，时间会慢得多，因此使用Numba的时间优势并不显著。

第一次调用函数时，JIT编译需要额外的时间。

如果我们不只是计算行数，这个就很有用了。

Cython是另一个选择。

http://numba.pydata.org/

结论

因为计算行数是IO绑定的，所以使用问题中的def file_len(fname)，除非你想做的不仅仅是计算行数。

import timeit

from numba import jit, prange
import numpy as np

from itertools import (takewhile,repeat)

FILE = '../data/us_confirmed.csv' # 40.6MB, 371755 line file
CR = ord('\n')


# Copied from the question above. Used as a benchmark
def file_len(fname):
    with open(fname) as f:
        for i, l in enumerate(f):
            pass
    return i + 1


# Copied from another answer. Used as a benchmark
def rawincount(filename):
    f = open(filename, 'rb')
    bufgen = takewhile(lambda x: x, (f.read(1024*1024*10) for _ in repeat(None)))
    return sum( buf.count(b'\n') for buf in bufgen )


# Single thread
@jit(nopython=True)
def numbacountsingle_chunk(bs):

    c = 0
    for i in range(len(bs)):
        if bs[i] == CR:
            c += 1

    return c


def numbacountsingle(filename):
    f = open(filename, "rb")
    total = 0
    while True:
        chunk = f.read(1024*1024*10)
        lines = numbacountsingle_chunk(chunk)
        total += lines
        if not chunk:
            break

    return total


# Multi thread
@jit(nopython=True, parallel=True)
def numbacountparallel_chunk(bs):

    c = 0
    for i in prange(len(bs)):
        if bs[i] == CR:
            c += 1

    return c


def numbacountparallel(filename):
    f = open(filename, "rb")
    total = 0
    while True:
        chunk = f.read(1024*1024*10)
        lines = numbacountparallel_chunk(np.frombuffer(chunk, dtype=np.uint8))
        total += lines
        if not chunk:
            break

    return total

print('numbacountparallel')
print(numbacountparallel(FILE)) # This allows Numba to compile and cache the function without adding to the time.
print(timeit.Timer(lambda: numbacountparallel(FILE)).timeit(number=100))

print('\nnumbacountsingle')
print(numbacountsingle(FILE))
print(timeit.Timer(lambda: numbacountsingle(FILE)).timeit(number=100))

print('\nfile_len')
print(file_len(FILE))
print(timeit.Timer(lambda: rawincount(FILE)).timeit(number=100))

print('\nrawincount')
print(rawincount(FILE))
print(timeit.Timer(lambda: rawincount(FILE)).timeit(number=100))

每个函数调用100次的时间(以秒为单位)

numbacountparallel
371755
2.8007332000000003

numbacountsingle
371755
3.1508585999999994

file_len
371755
6.7945494

rawincount
371755
6.815438

为了完成上述方法，我尝试了fileinput模块的一个变体:

import fileinput as fi   
def filecount(fname):
        for line in fi.input(fname):
            pass
        return fi.lineno()

并将一个60mil行文件传递给上述所有方法:

mapcount : 6.1331050396
simplecount : 4.588793993
opcount : 4.42918205261
filecount : 43.2780818939
bufcount : 0.170812129974

这让我有点惊讶，fileinput是如此糟糕，比所有其他方法都要糟糕得多…