Python 3具有启动并行任务的功能。这使我们的工作更容易。

它有线程池和进程池。

以下内容提供了一个见解：

ThreadPoolExecutor示例（源代码）

import concurrent.futures
import urllib.request

URLS = ['http://www.foxnews.com/',
        'http://www.cnn.com/',
        'http://europe.wsj.com/',
        'http://www.bbc.co.uk/',
        'http://some-made-up-domain.com/']

# Retrieve a single page and report the URL and contents
def load_url(url, timeout):
    with urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=timeout) as conn:
        return conn.read()

# We can use a with statement to ensure threads are cleaned up promptly
with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=5) as executor:
    # Start the load operations and mark each future with its URL
    future_to_url = {executor.submit(load_url, url, 60): url for url in URLS}
    for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(future_to_url):
        url = future_to_url[future]
        try:
            data = future.result()
        except Exception as exc:
            print('%r generated an exception: %s' % (url, exc))
        else:
            print('%r page is %d bytes' % (url, len(data)))

ProcessPoolExecutor（源）

import concurrent.futures
import math

PRIMES = [
    112272535095293,
    112582705942171,
    112272535095293,
    115280095190773,
    115797848077099,
    1099726899285419]

def is_prime(n):
    if n % 2 == 0:
        return False

    sqrt_n = int(math.floor(math.sqrt(n)))
    for i in range(3, sqrt_n + 1, 2):
        if n % i == 0:
            return False
    return True

def main():
    with concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor() as executor:
        for number, prime in zip(PRIMES, executor.map(is_prime, PRIMES)):
            print('%d is prime: %s' % (number, prime))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

这里有一个简单的示例：您需要尝试一些替代URL，并返回第一个URL的内容以进行响应。

import Queue
import threading
import urllib2

# Called by each thread
def get_url(q, url):
    q.put(urllib2.urlopen(url).read())

theurls = ["http://google.com", "http://yahoo.com"]

q = Queue.Queue()

for u in theurls:
    t = threading.Thread(target=get_url, args = (q,u))
    t.daemon = True
    t.start()

s = q.get()
print s

在这种情况下，线程被用作一种简单的优化：每个子线程都在等待URL解析和响应，以将其内容放入队列；每个线程都是一个守护进程（如果主线程结束，则不会保持进程运行——这比不结束更常见）；主线程启动所有子线程，在队列中执行get以等待其中一个线程完成put，然后发出结果并终止（这将删除所有可能仍在运行的子线程，因为它们是守护进程线程）。

Python中线程的正确使用总是与I/O操作相关（因为CPython无论如何都不使用多个内核来运行CPU绑定的任务，线程的唯一原因是在等待一些I/O时不会阻塞进程）。顺便说一句，队列几乎总是将工作分配给线程和/或收集工作结果的最佳方式，而且它们本质上是线程安全的，因此它们使您不用担心锁、条件、事件、信号量和其他线程间协调/通信概念。

我发现这非常有用：创建与内核一样多的线程，并让它们执行（大量）任务（在本例中，调用shell程序）：

import Queue
import threading
import multiprocessing
import subprocess

q = Queue.Queue()
for i in range(30): # Put 30 tasks in the queue
    q.put(i)

def worker():
    while True:
        item = q.get()
        # Execute a task: call a shell program and wait until it completes
        subprocess.call("echo " + str(item), shell=True)
        q.task_done()

cpus = multiprocessing.cpu_count() # Detect number of cores
print("Creating %d threads" % cpus)
for i in range(cpus):
     t = threading.Thread(target=worker)
     t.daemon = True
     t.start()

q.join() # Block until all tasks are done

Alex Martelli的回答对我有所帮助。不过，这里有一个我认为更有用的修改版本（至少对我来说）。

更新：可在Python 2和Python 3中使用

try:
    # For Python 3
    import queue
    from urllib.request import urlopen
except:
    # For Python 2 
    import Queue as queue
    from urllib2 import urlopen

import threading

worker_data = ['http://google.com', 'http://yahoo.com', 'http://bing.com']

# Load up a queue with your data. This will handle locking
q = queue.Queue()
for url in worker_data:
    q.put(url)

# Define a worker function
def worker(url_queue):
    queue_full = True
    while queue_full:
        try:
            # Get your data off the queue, and do some work
            url = url_queue.get(False)
            data = urlopen(url).read()
            print(len(data))

        except queue.Empty:
            queue_full = False

# Create as many threads as you want
thread_count = 5
for i in range(thread_count):
    t = threading.Thread(target=worker, args = (q,))
    t.start()

Python 3具有启动并行任务的功能。这使我们的工作更容易。

它有线程池和进程池。

以下内容提供了一个见解：

ThreadPoolExecutor示例（源代码）

import concurrent.futures
import urllib.request

URLS = ['http://www.foxnews.com/',
        'http://www.cnn.com/',
        'http://europe.wsj.com/',
        'http://www.bbc.co.uk/',
        'http://some-made-up-domain.com/']

# Retrieve a single page and report the URL and contents
def load_url(url, timeout):
    with urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=timeout) as conn:
        return conn.read()

# We can use a with statement to ensure threads are cleaned up promptly
with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=5) as executor:
    # Start the load operations and mark each future with its URL
    future_to_url = {executor.submit(load_url, url, 60): url for url in URLS}
    for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(future_to_url):
        url = future_to_url[future]
        try:
            data = future.result()
        except Exception as exc:
            print('%r generated an exception: %s' % (url, exc))
        else:
            print('%r page is %d bytes' % (url, len(data)))

ProcessPoolExecutor（源）

import concurrent.futures
import math

PRIMES = [
    112272535095293,
    112582705942171,
    112272535095293,
    115280095190773,
    115797848077099,
    1099726899285419]

def is_prime(n):
    if n % 2 == 0:
        return False

    sqrt_n = int(math.floor(math.sqrt(n)))
    for i in range(3, sqrt_n + 1, 2):
        if n % i == 0:
            return False
    return True

def main():
    with concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor() as executor:
        for number, prime in zip(PRIMES, executor.map(is_prime, PRIMES)):
            print('%d is prime: %s' % (number, prime))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

这很容易理解。这里有两种简单的线程处理方法。

import time
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed
import threading

def a(a=1, b=2):
    print(a)
    time.sleep(5)
    print(b)
    return a+b

def b(**kwargs):
    if "a" in kwargs:
        print("am b")
    else:
        print("nothing")
        
to_do=[]
executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=4)
ex1=executor.submit(a)
to_do.append(ex1)
ex2=executor.submit(b, **{"a":1})
to_do.append(ex2)

for future in as_completed(to_do):
    print("Future {} and Future Return is {}\n".format(future, future.result()))

print("threading")

to_do=[]
to_do.append(threading.Thread(target=a))
to_do.append(threading.Thread(target=b, kwargs={"a":1}))

for threads in to_do:
    threads.start()
    
for threads in to_do:
    threads.join()