我正在努力理解Python中的线程。我看过文档和示例,但坦率地说,许多示例过于复杂,我很难理解它们。
如何清楚地显示为多线程划分的任务?
我正在努力理解Python中的线程。我看过文档和示例,但坦率地说,许多示例过于复杂,我很难理解它们。
如何清楚地显示为多线程划分的任务?
当前回答
借用本文,我们了解了如何在多线程、多处理和异步/异步之间进行选择及其用法。
Python 3有一个新的内置库,以实现并发和并行-concurrent.futures
因此,我将通过一个实验演示如何通过线程池运行四个任务(即.sleep()方法):
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed
from time import sleep, time
def concurrent(max_worker):
futures = []
tic = time()
with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=max_worker) as executor:
futures.append(executor.submit(sleep, 2)) # Two seconds sleep
futures.append(executor.submit(sleep, 1))
futures.append(executor.submit(sleep, 7))
futures.append(executor.submit(sleep, 3))
for future in as_completed(futures):
if future.result() is not None:
print(future.result())
print(f'Total elapsed time by {max_worker} workers:', time()-tic)
concurrent(5)
concurrent(4)
concurrent(3)
concurrent(2)
concurrent(1)
输出:
Total elapsed time by 5 workers: 7.007831811904907
Total elapsed time by 4 workers: 7.007944107055664
Total elapsed time by 3 workers: 7.003149509429932
Total elapsed time by 2 workers: 8.004627466201782
Total elapsed time by 1 workers: 13.013478994369507
[注]:
正如您在上面的结果中看到的,最好的情况是这四项任务有3名员工。如果有进程任务而不是I/O绑定或阻塞(多处理而不是线程),则可以将ThreadPoolExecutor更改为ProcessPoolExecutoor。
其他回答
下面的代码可以运行10个线程同时打印0到99之间的数字:
from threading import Thread
def test():
for i in range(0, 100):
print(i)
thread_list = []
for _ in range(0, 10):
thread = Thread(target=test)
thread_list.append(thread)
for thread in thread_list:
thread.start()
for thread in thread_list:
thread.join()
下面的代码是上述代码循环版本的简写,运行10个线程,同时打印0到99之间的数字:
from threading import Thread
def test():
[print(i) for i in range(0, 100)]
thread_list = [Thread(target=test) for _ in range(0, 10)]
[thread.start() for thread in thread_list]
[thread.join() for thread in thread_list]
结果如下:
...
99
83
97
84
98
99
85
86
87
88
...
给定函数f,如下所示:
import threading
threading.Thread(target=f).start()
向f传递参数
threading.Thread(target=f, args=(a,b,c)).start()
自2010年提出这个问题以来,如何使用带有映射和池的Python进行简单的多线程处理已经得到了真正的简化。
下面的代码来自一篇文章/博客文章,您应该明确查看(没有从属关系)-一行中的并行性:一个更好的日常线程任务模型。我将在下面总结一下——它最终只是几行代码:
from multiprocessing.dummy import Pool as ThreadPool
pool = ThreadPool(4)
results = pool.map(my_function, my_array)
以下是多线程版本:
results = []
for item in my_array:
results.append(my_function(item))
描述
Map是一个很酷的小函数,是将并行性轻松注入Python代码的关键。对于那些不熟悉的人来说,map是从Lisp这样的函数语言中提取出来的。它是一个将另一个函数映射到序列上的函数。Map为我们处理序列上的迭代,应用函数,并在最后将所有结果存储在一个方便的列表中。
实施
map函数的并行版本由两个库提供:multiprocessing,以及它鲜为人知但同样神奇的stepchild:multiprocessing.dummy。
multiprocessing.dummy与多处理模块完全相同,但使用线程(一个重要的区别-对CPU密集型任务使用多个进程;对I/O(和在I/O期间)使用线程):
multiprocessing.dummy复制了多处理的API,但它不过是线程模块的包装器。
import urllib2
from multiprocessing.dummy import Pool as ThreadPool
urls = [
'http://www.python.org',
'http://www.python.org/about/',
'http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/python/2003/04/17/metaclasses.html',
'http://www.python.org/doc/',
'http://www.python.org/download/',
'http://www.python.org/getit/',
'http://www.python.org/community/',
'https://wiki.python.org/moin/',
]
# Make the Pool of workers
pool = ThreadPool(4)
# Open the URLs in their own threads
# and return the results
results = pool.map(urllib2.urlopen, urls)
# Close the pool and wait for the work to finish
pool.close()
pool.join()
计时结果:
Single thread: 14.4 seconds
4 Pool: 3.1 seconds
8 Pool: 1.4 seconds
13 Pool: 1.3 seconds
传递多个参数(仅在Python 3.3及更高版本中如此):
要传递多个数组,请执行以下操作:
results = pool.starmap(function, zip(list_a, list_b))
或者传递常量和数组:
results = pool.starmap(function, zip(itertools.repeat(constant), list_a))
如果您使用的是早期版本的Python,可以通过此解决方法传递多个参数)。
(感谢user136036提供的有用评论。)
使用全新的concurrent.futures模块
def sqr(val):
import time
time.sleep(0.1)
return val * val
def process_result(result):
print(result)
def process_these_asap(tasks):
import concurrent.futures
with concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor() as executor:
futures = []
for task in tasks:
futures.append(executor.submit(sqr, task))
for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed(futures):
process_result(future.result())
# Or instead of all this just do:
# results = executor.map(sqr, tasks)
# list(map(process_result, results))
def main():
tasks = list(range(10))
print('Processing {} tasks'.format(len(tasks)))
process_these_asap(tasks)
print('Done')
return 0
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
sys.exit(main())
执行器方法对于所有以前接触过Java的人来说似乎都很熟悉。
还有一个附带说明:为了保持宇宙的正常,如果你不使用上下文,不要忘记关闭你的池/执行器(这是如此棒,它为你做了)
作为第二个anwser的python3版本:
import queue as Queue
import threading
import urllib.request
# Called by each thread
def get_url(q, url):
q.put(urllib.request.urlopen(url).read())
theurls = ["http://google.com", "http://yahoo.com", "http://www.python.org","https://wiki.python.org/moin/"]
q = Queue.Queue()
def thread_func():
for u in theurls:
t = threading.Thread(target=get_url, args = (q,u))
t.daemon = True
t.start()
s = q.get()
def non_thread_func():
for u in theurls:
get_url(q,u)
s = q.get()
您可以测试它:
start = time.time()
thread_func()
end = time.time()
print(end - start)
start = time.time()
non_thread_func()
end = time.time()
print(end - start)
non_thread_func()花费的时间应该是thread_func()的4倍