effective final变量是一个局部变量，即:

未定义为最终 只分配一次。

final变量是这样的变量:

用final关键字声明。

public class LambdaScopeTest {
    public int x = 0;        
    class FirstLevel {
        public int x = 1;    
        void methodInFirstLevel(int x) {

            // The following statement causes the compiler to generate
            // the error "local variables referenced from a lambda expression
            // must be final or effectively final" in statement A:
            //
            // x = 99; 

        }
    }    
}

正如其他人所说，在初始化后值从未改变的变量或参数实际上是final的。在上面的代码中，如果你在内部类FirstLevel中改变了x的值，那么编译器会给你一个错误消息:

从lambda表达式引用的局部变量必须是final或有效final。

我发现解释“有效的final”最简单的方法是想象在变量声明中添加final修饰符。如果通过这个更改，程序在编译时和运行时继续以相同的方式运行，那么该变量实际上就是final。

When a lambda expression uses an assigned local variable from its enclosing space there is an important restriction. A lambda expression may only use local variable whose value doesn't change. That restriction is referred as "variable capture" which is described as; lambda expression capture values, not variables. The local variables that a lambda expression may use are known as "effectively final". An effectively final variable is one whose value does not change after it is first assigned. There is no need to explicitly declare such a variable as final, although doing so would not be an error. Let's see it with an example, we have a local variable i which is initialized with the value 7, with in the lambda expression we are trying to change that value by assigning a new value to i. This will result in compiler error - "Local variable i defined in an enclosing scope must be final or effectively final"

@FunctionalInterface
interface IFuncInt {
    int func(int num1, int num2);
    public String toString();
}

public class LambdaVarDemo {

    public static void main(String[] args){             
        int i = 7;
        IFuncInt funcInt = (num1, num2) -> {
            i = num1 + num2;
            return i;
        };
    }   
}

将变量声明为final或不声明为final，但有效地保持为final可能会导致(取决于编译器)在不同的字节码中。

让我们看一个小例子:

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final boolean i = true;   // 6  // final by declaration
        boolean j = true;         // 7  // effectively final

        if (i) {                  // 9
            System.out.println(i);// 10
        }
        if (!i) {                 // 12
            System.out.println(i);// 13
        }
        if (j) {                  // 15
            System.out.println(j);// 16
        }
        if (!j) {                 // 18
            System.out.println(j);// 19
        }
    }

main方法对应的字节码(Windows 64 Bit上的Java 8u161):

  public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
    Code:
       0: iconst_1
       1: istore_1
       2: iconst_1
       3: istore_2
       4: getstatic     #16                 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
       7: iconst_1
       8: invokevirtual #22                 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V
      11: iload_2
      12: ifeq          22
      15: getstatic     #16                 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
      18: iload_2
      19: invokevirtual #22                 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V
      22: iload_2
      23: ifne          33
      26: getstatic     #16                 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
      29: iload_2
      30: invokevirtual #22                 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Z)V
      33: return

对应的行号表:

 LineNumberTable:
   line 6: 0
   line 7: 2
   line 10: 4
   line 15: 11
   line 16: 15
   line 18: 22
   line 19: 26
   line 21: 33

正如我们看到的，源代码在第12、13、14行没有出现在字节码中。这是因为i为真，不会改变它的状态。因此这段代码是不可达的(在这个答案中有更多内容)。出于同样的原因，第9行的代码也会出错。i的状态不需要求值，因为它是确定的。

另一方面，虽然变量j实际上是final，但它的处理方式不同。没有应用这样的优化。j的状态被求值两次。不管j是否有效为final，字节码都是相同的。

effective final变量是一个局部变量，即:

未定义为最终 只分配一次。

final变量是这样的变量:

用final关键字声明。