最简单的解决办法是忽略这个问题，虽然还没有人提到过。如果我试图在一个期望容器类(如vector或list)的函数模板中使用int作为模板类型，那么我将得到一个编译错误。粗暴而简单，但它解决了问题。编译器将尝试使用您指定的类型，如果失败，则生成编译错误。

唯一的问题是，您得到的错误消息将很难阅读。然而，这是一种非常常见的方法。标准库中充满了函数或类模板，它们期望从模板类型中获得某些行为，而不做任何检查所使用的类型是否有效的工作。

如果您想要更好的错误消息(或者如果您想要捕捉不会产生编译器错误，但仍然没有意义的情况)，您可以根据您想要的复杂程度，使用Boost的静态断言或Boost concept_check库。

使用最新的编译器，可以使用内置的static_assert。

好吧，你可以这样创建你的模板:

template<typename T>
class ObservableList {
  std::list<T> contained_data;
};

然而，这将使限制成为隐式的，而且您不能只提供任何看起来像列表的东西。还有其他方法来限制所使用的容器类型，例如使用特定的迭代器类型，这些迭代器类型并不存在于所有容器中，但同样，这是一种隐式限制而不是显式限制。

据我所知，目前的标准中不存在完全镜像Java语句的结构。

有一些方法可以通过在模板中使用特定的typedefs来限制在模板中使用的类型。这将确保模板专门化的编译不包括特定的类型定义将失败，所以你可以有选择地支持/不支持某些类型。

在c++ 11中，概念的引入会让这变得更容易，但我不认为它会完全满足你的需求。

这在普通c++中是不可能的，但是你可以在编译时通过概念检查来验证模板参数，例如使用Boost的BCCL。

从c++ 20开始，概念开始成为该语言的官方特性。

这在c++中通常是不合理的，正如这里的其他答案所指出的那样。在c++中，我们倾向于基于其他约束来定义泛型类型，而不是“从该类继承”。如果你真的想这样做，在c++ 11和<type_traits>中很容易做到:

#include <type_traits>

template<typename T>
class observable_list {
    static_assert(std::is_base_of<list, T>::value, "T must inherit from list");
    // code here..
};

This breaks a lot of the concepts that people expect in C++ though. It's better to use tricks like defining your own traits. For example, maybe observable_list wants to accept any type of container that has the typedefs const_iterator and a begin and end member function that returns const_iterator. If you restrict this to classes that inherit from list then a user who has their own type that doesn't inherit from list but provides these member functions and typedefs would be unable to use your observable_list.

There are two solutions to this issue, one of them is to not constrain anything and rely on duck typing. A big con to this solution is that it involves a massive amount of errors that can be hard for users to grok. Another solution is to define traits to constrain the type provided to meet the interface requirements. The big con for this solution is that involves extra writing which can be seen as annoying. However, the positive side is that you will be able to write your own error messages a la static_assert.

为了完整起见，上面例子的解决方案如下:

#include <type_traits>

template<typename...>
struct void_ {
    using type = void;
};

template<typename... Args>
using Void = typename void_<Args...>::type;

template<typename T, typename = void>
struct has_const_iterator : std::false_type {};

template<typename T>
struct has_const_iterator<T, Void<typename T::const_iterator>> : std::true_type {};

struct has_begin_end_impl {
    template<typename T, typename Begin = decltype(std::declval<const T&>().begin()),
                         typename End   = decltype(std::declval<const T&>().end())>
    static std::true_type test(int);
    template<typename...>
    static std::false_type test(...);
};

template<typename T>
struct has_begin_end : decltype(has_begin_end_impl::test<T>(0)) {};

template<typename T>
class observable_list {
    static_assert(has_const_iterator<T>::value, "Must have a const_iterator typedef");
    static_assert(has_begin_end<T>::value, "Must have begin and end member functions");
    // code here...
};

上面的例子中有很多概念展示了c++ 11的特性。对于好奇的人来说，一些搜索词是可变参数模板、SFINAE、表达式SFINAE和类型特征。

c++ 20概念使用示例

改编自https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/constraints，你可以只做一些鸭子打字:

#include <cassert>
#include <concepts>

struct ClassWithMyFunc {
    int myFunc() {
        return 1;
    }
};

struct ClassWithoutMyFunc {};

// Concept HasMyFunc: type 'T' has `.myFunc` and
// its return is convertible to int.
template<typename T>
concept HasMyFunc= requires(T a) {
    { a.myFunc() } -> std::convertible_to<int>;
};

// Constrained function template
template<HasMyFunc T>
int f(T t) {
    return t.myFunc() + 1;
}

int main() {
    assert(f(ClassWithMyFunc()) == 2);
    // assert(f(ClassWithoutMyFunc()) == 2);
}

编译并运行:

g++ -ggdb3 -O0 -std=c++20 -Wall -Wextra -pedantic -o main.out main.cpp
./main.out

如果取消注释// assert(f(ClassWithoutMyFunc()) == 2);，它会像预期的那样失败:

In file included from /usr/include/c++/10/cassert:44,
                 from main.cpp:1:
main.cpp: In function ‘int main()’:
main.cpp:27:34: error: use of function ‘int f(T) [with T = ClassWithoutMyFunc]’ with unsatisfied constraints
   27 |     assert(f(ClassWithoutMyFunc()) == 2);
      |                                  ^
main.cpp:21:5: note: declared here
   21 | int f(T t) {
      |     ^
main.cpp:21:5: note: constraints not satisfied
main.cpp: In instantiation of ‘int f(T) [with T = ClassWithoutMyFunc]’:
main.cpp:27:5:   required from here
main.cpp:15:9:   required for the satisfaction of ‘HasMyFunc<T>’ [with T = ClassWithoutMyFunc]
main.cpp:15:20:   in requirements with ‘T a’ [with T = ClassWithoutMyFunc]
main.cpp:16:15: note: the required expression ‘a.myFunc()’ is invalid
   16 |     { a.myFunc() } -> std::convertible_to<int>;
      |       ~~~~~~~~^~
cc1plus: note: set ‘-fconcepts-diagnostics-depth=’ to at least 2 for more detail

需要多个基类

如果你真的想要某个基类:

#include <concepts>
#include <type_traits>

struct Base1 {};
struct Base2 {};

struct Derived1 : public Base1 {};
struct Derived2 : public Base2 {};

struct NotDerived {};

template<typename T>
concept HasBase1Or2= std::is_base_of<Base1, T>::value || std::is_base_of<Base2, T>::value;

template<HasBase1Or2 T>
void f(T) {}

int main() {
    f(Derived1());
    f(Derived2());
    // f(NotDerived());
}

如果取消注释// f(NotDerived());它在以下情况下失败:

main.cpp: In function ‘int main()’:
main.cpp:22:19: error: use of function ‘void f(T) [with T = NotDerived]’ with unsatisfied constraints
   22 |     f(NotDerived());
      |                   ^
main.cpp:17:6: note: declared here
   17 | void f(T) {}
      |      ^
main.cpp:17:6: note: constraints not satisfied
main.cpp: In instantiation of ‘void f(T) [with T = NotDerived]’:
main.cpp:22:19:   required from here
main.cpp:13:9:   required for the satisfaction of ‘HasBase1Or2<T>’ [with T = NotDerived]
main.cpp:13:55: note: no operand of the disjunction is satisfied
   13 | concept HasBase1Or2= std::is_base_of<Base1, T>::value ||
      |                                                 ~~~~~~^~
   14 |                      std::is_base_of<Base2, T>::value;
      |                      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~  
cc1plus: note: set ‘-fconcepts-diagnostics-depth=’ to at least 2 for more detail

在Ubuntu 21.04 GCC 10.3.0上测试。

GCC 10似乎已经实现了它:https://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-10/changes.html，你可以在Ubuntu 20.04上获得它作为一个PPA。https://godbolt.org/ GCC 10.1无法在Ubuntu 20.04上识别概念。

只接受类型List派生的类型T的等效函数如下所示

template<typename T, 
         typename std::enable_if<std::is_base_of<List, T>::value>::type* = nullptr>
class ObservableList
{
    // ...
};