下面是我的方法(围绕rand()的包装器):

我还扩展到允许min为INT_MIN而max为INT_MAX的情况，这通常不可能单独使用rand()，因为它返回从0到RAND_MAX的值，包括(1/2范围)。

像这样使用它:

const int MIN = 1;
const int MAX = 1024;
// Get a pseudo-random number between MIN and MAX, **inclusive**.
// Seeding of the pseudo-random number generator automatically occurs
// the very first time you call it.
int random_num = utils_rand(MIN, MAX);

定义和氧描述:

#include <assert.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

/// \brief      Use linear interpolation to rescale, or "map" value `val` from range
///             `in_min` to `in_max`, inclusive, to range `out_min` to `out_max`, inclusive.
/// \details    Similar to Arduino's ingenious `map()` function:
///             https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/language/functions/math/map/
///
/// TODO(gabriel): turn this into a gcc statement expression instead to prevent the potential for
/// the "double evaluation" bug. See `MIN()` and `MAX()` above.
#define UTILS_MAP(val, in_min, in_max, out_min, out_max) \
    (((val) - (in_min)) * ((out_max) - (out_min)) / ((in_max) - (in_min)) + (out_min))

/// \brief      Obtain a pseudo-random integer value between `min` and `max`, **inclusive**.
/// \details    1. If `(max - min + 1) > RAND_MAX`, then the range of values returned will be
///             **scaled** to the range `max - min + 1`, and centered over the center of the
///             range at `(min + max)/2`. Scaling the numbers means that in the case of scaling,
///             not all numbers can even be reached. However, you will still be assured to have
///             a random distribution of numbers across the full range.
///             2. Also, the first time per program run that you call this function, it will
///             automatically seed the pseudo-random number generator with your system's
///             current time in seconds.
/// \param[in]  min         The minimum pseudo-random number you'd like, inclusive. Can be positive
///                         OR negative.
/// \param[in]  max         The maximum pseudo-random number you'd like, inclusive. Can be positive
///                         OR negative.
/// \return     A pseudo-random integer value between `min` and `max`, **inclusive**.
int utils_rand(int min, int max)
{
    static bool first_run = true;
    if (first_run)
    {
        // seed the pseudo-random number generator with the seconds time the very first run
        time_t time_now_sec = time(NULL);
        srand(time_now_sec);
        first_run = false;
    }

    int range = max - min + 1;
    int random_num = rand();  // random num from 0 to RAND_MAX, inclusive

    if (range > RAND_MAX)
    {
        static_assert(
            sizeof(long int) > sizeof(int),
            "This must be true or else the below mapping/scaling may have undefined overflow "
            "and not work properly. In such a case, try casting to `long long int` instead of "
            "just `long int`, and update this static_assert accordingly.");

        random_num = UTILS_MAP((long int)random_num, (long int)0, (long int)RAND_MAX, (long int)min,
                               (long int)max);
        return random_num;
    }

    // This is presumably a faster approach than the map/scaling function above, so do this faster
    // approach below whenever you don't **have** to do the more-complicated approach above.
    random_num %= range;
    random_num += min;

    return random_num;
}

参见:

[我在写下上面的答案后发现了这个问答，但它显然非常相关，他们对非缩放范围的情况做了同样的事情]我如何从rand()中获得特定的数字范围? [我需要进一步研究和阅读这个答案-似乎有一些好的观点，保持良好的随机性不使用模量]我如何从rand()得到一个特定的数字范围? http://c-faq.com/lib/randrange.html

对于c, STL不存在，你必须调用rand，或者更好的是，随机。它们在标准库头文件stdlib.h中声明。rand是POSIX, random是BSD规范函数。

rand和random之间的区别是random返回一个更有用的32位随机数，而rand通常返回一个16位数。BSD手册显示rand的较低位是循环的和可预测的，因此rand对于较小的数字可能是无用的。

<stdlib.h>中的rand()函数返回一个介于0和RAND_MAX之间的伪随机整数。你可以使用srand(unsigned int seed)来设置种子。

通常的做法是将%操作符与rand()结合使用以获得不同的范围(但请记住，这在一定程度上破坏了一致性)。例如:

/* random int between 0 and 19 */
int r = rand() % 20;

如果你真的在乎一致性，你可以这样做:

/* Returns an integer in the range [0, n).
 *
 * Uses rand(), and so is affected-by/affects the same seed.
 */
int randint(int n) {
  if ((n - 1) == RAND_MAX) {
    return rand();
  } else {
    // Supporting larger values for n would requires an even more
    // elaborate implementation that combines multiple calls to rand()
    assert (n <= RAND_MAX)

    // Chop off all of the values that would cause skew...
    int end = RAND_MAX / n; // truncate skew
    assert (end > 0);
    end *= n;

    // ... and ignore results from rand() that fall above that limit.
    // (Worst case the loop condition should succeed 50% of the time,
    // so we can expect to bail out of this loop pretty quickly.)
    int r;
    while ((r = rand()) >= end);

    return r % n;
  }
}

对于Linux C应用程序:

这是我根据上面的答案重新编写的代码，它遵循我的C代码实践并返回任意大小的随机缓冲区(具有适当的返回代码等)。确保在程序开始时调用urandom_open()一次。

int gUrandomFd = -1;

int urandom_open(void)
{
    if (gUrandomFd == -1) {
        gUrandomFd = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY);
    }

    if (gUrandomFd == -1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Error opening /dev/urandom: errno [%d], strerrer [%s]\n",
                  errno, strerror(errno));
        return -1;
    } else {
        return 0;
    }
}


void urandom_close(void)
{
    close(gUrandomFd);
    gUrandomFd = -1;
}


//
// This link essentially validates the merits of /dev/urandom:
// http://sockpuppet.org/blog/2014/02/25/safely-generate-random-numbers/
//
int getRandomBuffer(uint8_t *buf, int size)
{
    int ret = 0; // Return value

    if (gUrandomFd == -1) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Urandom (/dev/urandom) file not open\n");
        return -1;
    }

    ret = read(gUrandomFd, buf, size);

    if (ret != size) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Only read [%d] bytes, expected [%d]\n",
                 ret, size);
        return -1;
    } else {
        return 0;
    }
}

STL是c++，不是C，所以我不知道你想要什么。然而，如果你想使用C语言，则有rand()和srand()函数:

int rand(void);

void srand(unsigned seed);

它们都是ANSI c的一部分。还有random()函数:

long random(void);

但据我所知，random()不是标准的ANSI c。第三方库可能不是一个坏主意，但这完全取决于您真正需要生成的数字的随机程度。

如果你需要安全的随机字符或整数:

正如在如何在各种编程语言中安全地生成随机数中提到的，你会想要做以下事情之一:

使用libsodium的randombytes API 重新实现你自己需要的libsodium的sysrandom实现，非常小心 更广泛地说，使用/dev/urandom，而不是/dev/random。而不是OpenSSL(或其他用户空间prng)。

例如:

#include "sodium.h"

int foo()
{
    char myString[32];
    uint32_t myInt;

    if (sodium_init() < 0) {
        /* panic! the library couldn't be initialized, it is not safe to use */
        return 1; 
    }


    /* myString will be an array of 32 random bytes, not null-terminated */        
    randombytes_buf(myString, 32);

    /* myInt will be a random number between 0 and 9 */
    myInt = randombytes_uniform(10);
}

Randombytes_uniform()是加密安全且无偏倚的。