我没有资格在一般意义上回答这个问题，但仅限于计算机编程?并不多。

为什么?我思考这个问题已经有一段时间了，我认为我们缺少两样东西:历史感和客观评价我们所创造的一切的方法。并非所有情况都是这样，但大体上是这样。

For history, I think it's just something not emphasized enough in popular writing or computer science programs. Take language features, for example. A canonical source might be HOPL, but it's definitely not common knowledge among programmers to be able to mark the point in time or in which language a feature like GC or closures first appeared. And of course after that there's knowledge of progression over time: how has OOP changed since Simula? Compare and contrast our sense of history with that of other fields like maybe political science or philosophy.

至于判断，这确实是我们寻求成功的客观衡量标准的失败。给定foobar，它以什么可衡量的方式改进了编程行为中的某些方面，其中foobar是任何设计模式，敏捷方法，TDD等等。我们有没有试过测量这个?我们到底想测量什么?正确性，程序员的生产力，代码的易读性等等?如何?软件工程确实应该着手解决这些问题，但我还没有看到。

我认为我们看待这个问题的方式是错误的，得出的结论也是错误的。如果我做对了，循环就会变成:

理念->首次实施->少数人采用->临界质量->商品产品

从最初的想法到商品，你通常会经历几个世纪，假设这个想法能走到那个阶段。达·芬奇可能在1493年就画出了某种直升机，但他花了大约400年的时间才制造出一架能够自己飞离地面的实际机器。

从1580年威廉·伯恩对潜艇的第一次描述到1800年的第一次实施，你有220年的时间，而目前的潜艇仍处于起步阶段:我们几乎对水下旅行一无所知(地球上三分之二的地方都在海底，想想潜在的房地产;)

而且不可能没有更早，更早的想法，只是我们从未听说过。根据一些传说，亚历山大大帝在公元前332年使用了某种潜水钟(这是潜艇的基本概念:一种在海底运送人员和空气供应的装置)。算上这一点，我们从想法(甚至只有一个基本的原型)到生产产品需要2000年的时间。

我想说的是，在1980年之前，那些甚至都不是想法的实现，更不用说产品了……我敢打赌，“快速排序”算法是由中国古代某个无名档案管理员使用的。那又怎样?

当然，40年前就有了联网的计算机，但那无法与今天的互联网相比。基本的理念/技术是存在的，但不管怎样你都不能在线玩《魔兽》游戏。

我认为我们在大多数计算领域都需要真正的新想法，我想知道最近已经完成的任何重要而有力的想法。如果我们真的找不到他们，那么我们应该问“为什么?”和“我们应该做什么?”

从历史上看，我们从来没有能够如此快速地“找到它们”。我认为这个周期正变得越来越快，但计算技术仍然非常年轻。

目前，我正试图弄清楚如何制作全息图(星球大战那种，没有任何物理支持)。我想我知道该怎么做了。我甚至还没有收集工具、材料和资金，即使我在某种程度上取得了成功，实际的想法也已经有几十年的历史了，至少相关的实现/技术已经被使用了很长时间。

一旦你开始列出实际的产品，你就可以相当肯定概念和最初的实现在一段时间前就已经存在了。没关系。

你可能会以某种理由争辩说，从来没有什么是新的，或者一切都是新的，总是如此。这就是哲学，两种观点都有道理。

从实践的观点来看，真理介于两者之间。真理不是二进制概念，布尔逻辑是该死的。

中国人也许早在很久以前就发明了印刷机，但大多数人能够在家以合理的价格打印出像样的彩色照片也不过10年的时间。

发明无处不在，这取决于你的标准和参照系。

我认为计算中的大多数概念都在不断改进，但也有一些新的发展，特别是在分布式计算方面。

对故障和缺陷的鲁棒性，以及故障恢复，即。Paxos，拜占庭容错等。 我知道人们提到过P2P, P2P通信发生在70年代，但恕我直言，我不认为它具有与今天相同的性质，具有分布式哈希表，高效的动态自组织网络，最重要的是，匿名性(例如Freenet, Tor)。

大多数工作都经过了改进，虽然许多现代系统比60年代或更早时候首次描述的原始概念好不了多少，但有些系统好了几个数量级。

开放的PC设计带来了价格实惠的组件(苹果除外)，竞争推动了创新和更低的价格。 这导致了巨大的变化，从用户走向电脑——那里有一个终端可以使用——到电脑来到用户面前，出现在家里，甚至在一个人的大腿上。

u盘/ u盘

USB key是软盘的有效替代品，软盘在简单传输方面仍然优于CD或DVD。

当然，1980年以前是施乐PARC的辉煌时期。在图形用户界面、鼠标、激光打印机、互联网和个人电脑刚刚诞生的时候。(鉴于我太年轻了，不可能活在那个年代，而你几乎在努力发明所有这些东西，关于1980年的事情，我不能告诉你任何你不知道的事情，所以我们继续吧。)

The thing is, though, that the pre-1980 days were a lot more vibrant in terms of truly disruptive new technologies. That's the way it is with any new field -- hwo many game-changing technology advances have you seen in railroads in the past 100 years? How many have you seen in lightbulbs? In the printing press? Once something ignites a hype in the right circles, there is an explosive period of invention, followed by a long period of maturing. After that, you're not going to see the same kind of completely radical changes again UNLESS the basic circumstances change.

幸运的是，这可能会发生在一些领域，而且已经发生在其他一些领域:

Mobility - smart phones bring computing to a truly portable platform, which will soon include location-based services and proximity-based ad-hoc networks. It's a completely new paradigm that's potentially as game-changing as the GUI has been The WWW (HTTP, HTML and DNS) has already been mentioned and is an obvious addition to the list, since it is enabling global, inexpensive, mainstream rich communication across the globe - all thanks to a computing platform On the interface side, both touch, multitouch (Jeff Han comes to mind) and the Wiimote need mentioning. Currently, they are basically curiosities, but so were the early GUIs. OOP design patterns -- higher level solutions as best practices to hard problems. Depending on your definition of 'computing', it may or may not belong on the list, but if you count OOP as a significant advance pre-1980 (I certainly do), I think design patterns and the GoF deserve a mention too Google's PageRank and MapReduce algorithms - I am pleased to notice I wasn't the first to mention them, and seriously --- where would the world be without the principles of both of them? I vividly remember what the world looked like before them, and suffice it to say Google really IS my friend. Non-volatile memory -- it's on the hardware side, but it is going to play a significant role in the future of computing - making bootup times a thing of the past, for example, and enabling us to use computers in entirely new ways Semantic (natural language) search / analysis / classification / translation... We're not quite there yet, but companies like Powerset give the impression that we're on the brink. On that note, intelligent HTMs should be on this list as well. I am yet another believer in Jeff Hawkins' model and approach, and if it works, it will mean a complete redefinition of what computers can do, what it means to be human, and where the world can go from here. Creating a real intelligence in that way (synthetically) would be bigger than anything the human race has accomplished before. GNU + Linux 3D printing / rapid prototyping (and, in time, manufacturing) P2P (which also lead to VoIP etc.) E-ink, once the technologies mature a bit more RFID might belong on the list, but the verdict is still out on that one Quantum Computing is the most obvious element on the list, except we still haven't been able to get enough qubits to play along. However, my friends in the field tell me there's incredible progress going on even as we speak, so I'm holding my breath for that one. And finally, I want to mention a personal favourite: distributed intelligence, or its other name: artificial artificial intelligence. The idea of connecting a huge number of people in a network and allowing them access to the combined minds of everyone else through some form of question answering interface. It's been done a number of times recently, with Yahoo Answers, Askville, Amazon Mechanical Turk, and so on, but in my mind, those are all missing the mark by a LOT... much like the many implementations of distributed hypertext that came before Tim Berners-Lee's HTML, or the many web crawlers before Google. Seriously -- someone needs to build an search interface into 'the hive mind' to blow everyone else out of the water. IMHO - it is only a matter of time.