对我有效的解决方案，设置:<forkCount>0</forkCount>

i.e.

<plugin>
  <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
  <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
  <configuration>
    <forkCount>0</forkCount> 
    <argLine>-Xmx1024m -XX:MaxPermSize=256m</argLine>
  </configuration>
</plugin>

Surefire FAQ的这一部分可以帮助你:

Surefire fails with the message "The forked VM terminated without properly saying goodbye" Surefire does not support tests or any referenced libraries calling System.exit() at any time. If they do so, they are incompatible with surefire and you should probably file an issue with the library/vendor. Alternatively the forked VM could also crash for a number of reasons, which can also make this issue happen. Look for the classical "hs_err*" files indicating VM crashes or examine the log output from running maven when the tests execute. Some "extraordinary" output from crashing processes may be dumped to the console/log. If this happens on a CI environment and only after some time runs there is a fair chance your test suite is leaking some kind of OS-level resource that makes things worse for every run. Regular os-level monitoring tools may give you some indication.

对于我的例子，它是我的代码调用System.exit(0)。

以下是关于它的文档摘录:

Surefire在任何时候都不支持调用System.exit()的测试或任何引用库。如果他们这样做，他们与Surefire不兼容，你可能应该向库/供应商提交一个问题。

在调试模式下运行了几十次Maven之后，我遇到了这样的情况:

-Dmaven.surefire.debug="-agentlib:jdwp=transport=dt_socket,server=y,suspend=y,address=5005"

由于某些原因，我不得不杀死仍在并行运行的额外java进程。

我更新了surefire插件如下，这解决了我的问题:

           <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>2.22.2</version>
                <configuration>
                    <argLine>-Xmx1024m -XX:MaxPermSize=256m</argLine>
                    <forkCount>1</forkCount>
                    <reuseForks>true</reuseForks>
                    <runOrder>alphabetical</runOrder>
                </configuration>
            </plugin>

添加配置文件后，我可以删除这个错误:

<profile>
            <id>surefire-windows-fork-disable</id>
            <activation>
                <os>
                    <family>Windows</family>
                </os>
            </activation>
            <build>
                <pluginManagement>
                    <plugins>
                        <plugin>
                            <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                            <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
                            <configuration>
                                <forkCount>0</forkCount>
                                <useSystemClassLoader>false</useSystemClassLoader>
                            </configuration>
                        </plugin>
                    </plugins>
                </pluginManagement>
            </build>
        </profile>

似乎这是一个关于maven的问题