基于Gacek的回答，在用WAVE浏览器扩展分析了@WebSeed的例子后，我提出了以下版本，它根据对比度(在W3C的Web内容可访问性指南(WCAG) 2.1中定义)而不是亮度来选择黑色或白色文本。

这是代码(javascript):

// As defined in WCAG 2.1
var relativeLuminance = function (R8bit, G8bit, B8bit) {
  var RsRGB = R8bit / 255.0;
  var GsRGB = G8bit / 255.0;
  var BsRGB = B8bit / 255.0;

  var R = (RsRGB <= 0.03928) ? RsRGB / 12.92 : Math.pow((RsRGB + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4);
  var G = (GsRGB <= 0.03928) ? GsRGB / 12.92 : Math.pow((GsRGB + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4);
  var B = (BsRGB <= 0.03928) ? BsRGB / 12.92 : Math.pow((BsRGB + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4);

  return 0.2126 * R + 0.7152 * G + 0.0722 * B;
};

var blackContrast = function(r, g, b) {
  var L = relativeLuminance(r, g, b);
  return (L + 0.05) / 0.05;
};

var whiteContrast = function(r, g, b) {
  var L = relativeLuminance(r, g, b);
  return 1.05 / (L + 0.05);
};

// If both options satisfy AAA criterion (at least 7:1 contrast), use preference
// else, use higher contrast (white breaks tie)
var chooseFGcolor = function(r, g, b, prefer = 'white') {
  var Cb = blackContrast(r, g, b);
  var Cw = whiteContrast(r, g, b);
  if(Cb >= 7.0 && Cw >= 7.0) return prefer;
  else return (Cb > Cw) ? 'black' : 'white';
};

在我的@WebSeed的代码依赖的分支中可以找到一个工作示例，它在WAVE中产生零低对比度错误。

如果你是为了视觉效果而操纵色彩空间，通常使用HSL(色相、饱和度和明度)比RGB更容易。在RGB中移动颜色以获得自然的令人愉悦的效果在概念上是相当困难的，而转换为HSL，在那里进行操作，然后再转换回来在概念上更直观，并且总是会给出更好的外观结果。

维基百科对HSL和密切相关的HSV有很好的介绍。网络上有免费的代码可以进行转换(例如这里是一个javascript实现)

你使用什么精确的转换是一个品味问题，但我个人认为颠倒色调和明度组件肯定会产生一个良好的高对比度的颜色作为第一个近似，但你可以很容易地追求更微妙的效果。

我有同样的问题，但我必须在PHP开发它。我用了@Garek的解决方案，我也用了这个答案: 转换十六进制颜色到RGB值在PHP转换十六进制颜色代码到RGB。

所以我要分享它。

我想在给定的背景颜色下使用这个函数，但不总是从“#”开始。

//So it can be used like this way:
$color = calculateColor('#804040');
echo $color;

//or even this way:
$color = calculateColor('D79C44');
echo '<br/>'.$color;

function calculateColor($bgColor){
    //ensure that the color code will not have # in the beginning
    $bgColor = str_replace('#','',$bgColor);
    //now just add it
    $hex = '#'.$bgColor;
    list($r, $g, $b) = sscanf($hex, "#%02x%02x%02x");
    $color = 1 - ( 0.299 * $r + 0.587 * $g + 0.114 * $b)/255;

    if ($color < 0.5)
        $color = '#000000'; // bright colors - black font
    else
        $color = '#ffffff'; // dark colors - white font

    return $color;
}

谢谢你写这篇文章。

对于可能感兴趣的人，这里有一个Delphi中的函数示例:

function GetContrastColor(ABGColor: TColor): TColor;
var
  ADouble: Double;
  R, G, B: Byte;
begin
  if ABGColor <= 0 then
  begin
    Result := clWhite;
    Exit; // *** EXIT RIGHT HERE ***
  end;

  if ABGColor = clWhite then
  begin
    Result := clBlack;
    Exit; // *** EXIT RIGHT HERE ***
  end;

  // Get RGB from Color
  R := GetRValue(ABGColor);
  G := GetGValue(ABGColor);
  B := GetBValue(ABGColor);

  // Counting the perceptive luminance - human eye favors green color...
  ADouble := 1 - (0.299 * R + 0.587 * G + 0.114 * B) / 255;

  if (ADouble < 0.5) then
    Result := clBlack  // bright colors - black font
  else
    Result := clWhite;  // dark colors - white font
end;

请注意，在谷歌闭包库中有一个算法，该算法引用了w3c推荐:http://www.w3.org/TR/AERT#color-contrast。但是，在这个API中，您提供了一个建议颜色列表作为起点。

/**
 * Find the "best" (highest-contrast) of the suggested colors for the prime
 * color. Uses W3C formula for judging readability and visual accessibility:
 * http://www.w3.org/TR/AERT#color-contrast
 * @param {goog.color.Rgb} prime Color represented as a rgb array.
 * @param {Array<goog.color.Rgb>} suggestions Array of colors,
 *     each representing a rgb array.
 * @return {!goog.color.Rgb} Highest-contrast color represented by an array.
 */
goog.color.highContrast = function(prime, suggestions) {
  var suggestionsWithDiff = [];
  for (var i = 0; i < suggestions.length; i++) {
    suggestionsWithDiff.push({
      color: suggestions[i],
      diff: goog.color.yiqBrightnessDiff_(suggestions[i], prime) +
          goog.color.colorDiff_(suggestions[i], prime)
    });
  }
  suggestionsWithDiff.sort(function(a, b) { return b.diff - a.diff; });
  return suggestionsWithDiff[0].color;
};


/**
 * Calculate brightness of a color according to YIQ formula (brightness is Y).
 * More info on YIQ here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YIQ. Helper method for
 * goog.color.highContrast()
 * @param {goog.color.Rgb} rgb Color represented by a rgb array.
 * @return {number} brightness (Y).
 * @private
 */
goog.color.yiqBrightness_ = function(rgb) {
  return Math.round((rgb[0] * 299 + rgb[1] * 587 + rgb[2] * 114) / 1000);
};


/**
 * Calculate difference in brightness of two colors. Helper method for
 * goog.color.highContrast()
 * @param {goog.color.Rgb} rgb1 Color represented by a rgb array.
 * @param {goog.color.Rgb} rgb2 Color represented by a rgb array.
 * @return {number} Brightness difference.
 * @private
 */
goog.color.yiqBrightnessDiff_ = function(rgb1, rgb2) {
  return Math.abs(
      goog.color.yiqBrightness_(rgb1) - goog.color.yiqBrightness_(rgb2));
};


/**
 * Calculate color difference between two colors. Helper method for
 * goog.color.highContrast()
 * @param {goog.color.Rgb} rgb1 Color represented by a rgb array.
 * @param {goog.color.Rgb} rgb2 Color represented by a rgb array.
 * @return {number} Color difference.
 * @private
 */
goog.color.colorDiff_ = function(rgb1, rgb2) {
  return Math.abs(rgb1[0] - rgb2[0]) + Math.abs(rgb1[1] - rgb2[1]) +
      Math.abs(rgb1[2] - rgb2[2]);
};

Javascript [ES2015]

const hexToLuma = (colour) => {
    const hex   = colour.replace(/#/, '');
    const r     = parseInt(hex.substr(0, 2), 16);
    const g     = parseInt(hex.substr(2, 2), 16);
    const b     = parseInt(hex.substr(4, 2), 16);

    return [
        0.299 * r,
        0.587 * g,
        0.114 * b
    ].reduce((a, b) => a + b) / 255;
};