基于Gacek的回答，在用WAVE浏览器扩展分析了@WebSeed的例子后，我提出了以下版本，它根据对比度(在W3C的Web内容可访问性指南(WCAG) 2.1中定义)而不是亮度来选择黑色或白色文本。

这是代码(javascript):

// As defined in WCAG 2.1
var relativeLuminance = function (R8bit, G8bit, B8bit) {
  var RsRGB = R8bit / 255.0;
  var GsRGB = G8bit / 255.0;
  var BsRGB = B8bit / 255.0;

  var R = (RsRGB <= 0.03928) ? RsRGB / 12.92 : Math.pow((RsRGB + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4);
  var G = (GsRGB <= 0.03928) ? GsRGB / 12.92 : Math.pow((GsRGB + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4);
  var B = (BsRGB <= 0.03928) ? BsRGB / 12.92 : Math.pow((BsRGB + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4);

  return 0.2126 * R + 0.7152 * G + 0.0722 * B;
};

var blackContrast = function(r, g, b) {
  var L = relativeLuminance(r, g, b);
  return (L + 0.05) / 0.05;
};

var whiteContrast = function(r, g, b) {
  var L = relativeLuminance(r, g, b);
  return 1.05 / (L + 0.05);
};

// If both options satisfy AAA criterion (at least 7:1 contrast), use preference
// else, use higher contrast (white breaks tie)
var chooseFGcolor = function(r, g, b, prefer = 'white') {
  var Cb = blackContrast(r, g, b);
  var Cw = whiteContrast(r, g, b);
  if(Cb >= 7.0 && Cw >= 7.0) return prefer;
  else return (Cb > Cw) ? 'black' : 'white';
};

在我的@WebSeed的代码依赖的分支中可以找到一个工作示例，它在WAVE中产生零低对比度错误。

我也遇到过类似的问题。我必须找到一种选择对比字体颜色的好方法，以便在色度/热图上显示文本标签。它必须是通用的方法，生成的颜色必须“好看”，这意味着简单地生成互补色并不是一个好的解决方案——有时它会生成奇怪的、非常强烈的颜色，很难观察和阅读。

经过长时间的测试和尝试解决这个问题，我发现最好的解决方案是选择白色字体的“深色”，和黑色字体的“明亮”的颜色。

下面是我在c#中使用的一个函数示例:

Color ContrastColor(Color color)
{
    int d = 0;
    
    // Counting the perceptive luminance - human eye favors green color...      
    double luminance = (0.299 * color.R + 0.587 * color.G + 0.114 * color.B)/255;
    
    if (luminance > 0.5)
       d = 0; // bright colors - black font
    else
       d = 255; // dark colors - white font
                
    return  Color.FromArgb(d, d, d);
}

这种方法在许多不同的颜色尺度(彩虹，灰度，热，冰，和许多其他)下进行了测试，这是我发现的唯一“通用”方法。

编辑 改变计算a的公式为“感知亮度”-它真的看起来更好!已经在我的软件中实现了，看起来很棒。

编辑2 @WebSeed提供了这个算法的一个很好的工作示例:http://codepen.io/WebSeed/full/pvgqEq/

我对Gacek回答的快速实现:

func contrastColor(color: UIColor) -> UIColor {
    var d = CGFloat(0)

    var r = CGFloat(0)
    var g = CGFloat(0)
    var b = CGFloat(0)
    var a = CGFloat(0)

    color.getRed(&r, green: &g, blue: &b, alpha: &a)

    // Counting the perceptive luminance - human eye favors green color...
    let luminance = 1 - ((0.299 * r) + (0.587 * g) + (0.114 * b))

    if luminance < 0.5 {
        d = CGFloat(0) // bright colors - black font
    } else {
        d = CGFloat(1) // dark colors - white font
    }

    return UIColor( red: d, green: d, blue: d, alpha: a)
}

丑陋的Python，如果你不想写它:)

'''
Input a string without hash sign of RGB hex digits to compute
complementary contrasting color such as for fonts
'''
def contrasting_text_color(hex_str):
    (r, g, b) = (hex_str[:2], hex_str[2:4], hex_str[4:])
    return '000' if 1 - (int(r, 16) * 0.299 + int(g, 16) * 0.587 + int(b, 16) * 0.114) / 255 < 0.5 else 'fff'

请注意，在谷歌闭包库中有一个算法，该算法引用了w3c推荐:http://www.w3.org/TR/AERT#color-contrast。但是，在这个API中，您提供了一个建议颜色列表作为起点。

/**
 * Find the "best" (highest-contrast) of the suggested colors for the prime
 * color. Uses W3C formula for judging readability and visual accessibility:
 * http://www.w3.org/TR/AERT#color-contrast
 * @param {goog.color.Rgb} prime Color represented as a rgb array.
 * @param {Array<goog.color.Rgb>} suggestions Array of colors,
 *     each representing a rgb array.
 * @return {!goog.color.Rgb} Highest-contrast color represented by an array.
 */
goog.color.highContrast = function(prime, suggestions) {
  var suggestionsWithDiff = [];
  for (var i = 0; i < suggestions.length; i++) {
    suggestionsWithDiff.push({
      color: suggestions[i],
      diff: goog.color.yiqBrightnessDiff_(suggestions[i], prime) +
          goog.color.colorDiff_(suggestions[i], prime)
    });
  }
  suggestionsWithDiff.sort(function(a, b) { return b.diff - a.diff; });
  return suggestionsWithDiff[0].color;
};


/**
 * Calculate brightness of a color according to YIQ formula (brightness is Y).
 * More info on YIQ here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YIQ. Helper method for
 * goog.color.highContrast()
 * @param {goog.color.Rgb} rgb Color represented by a rgb array.
 * @return {number} brightness (Y).
 * @private
 */
goog.color.yiqBrightness_ = function(rgb) {
  return Math.round((rgb[0] * 299 + rgb[1] * 587 + rgb[2] * 114) / 1000);
};


/**
 * Calculate difference in brightness of two colors. Helper method for
 * goog.color.highContrast()
 * @param {goog.color.Rgb} rgb1 Color represented by a rgb array.
 * @param {goog.color.Rgb} rgb2 Color represented by a rgb array.
 * @return {number} Brightness difference.
 * @private
 */
goog.color.yiqBrightnessDiff_ = function(rgb1, rgb2) {
  return Math.abs(
      goog.color.yiqBrightness_(rgb1) - goog.color.yiqBrightness_(rgb2));
};


/**
 * Calculate color difference between two colors. Helper method for
 * goog.color.highContrast()
 * @param {goog.color.Rgb} rgb1 Color represented by a rgb array.
 * @param {goog.color.Rgb} rgb2 Color represented by a rgb array.
 * @return {number} Color difference.
 * @private
 */
goog.color.colorDiff_ = function(rgb1, rgb2) {
  return Math.abs(rgb1[0] - rgb2[0]) + Math.abs(rgb1[1] - rgb2[1]) +
      Math.abs(rgb1[2] - rgb2[2]);
};

iOS Swift 3.0 (UIColor扩展):

func isLight() -> Bool
{
    if let components = self.cgColor.components, let firstComponentValue = components[0], let secondComponentValue = components[1], let thirdComponentValue = components[2] {
        let firstComponent = (firstComponentValue * 299)
        let secondComponent = (secondComponentValue * 587)
        let thirdComponent = (thirdComponentValue * 114)
        let brightness = (firstComponent + secondComponent + thirdComponent) / 1000

        if brightness < 0.5
        {
            return false
        }else{
            return true
        }
    }  

    print("Unable to grab components and determine brightness")
    return nil
}