正如matplotlib.org的例子所提供的，从多个轴实现单个图例的干净方法是使用plot句柄:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


fig, ax = plt.subplots()
fig.subplots_adjust(right=0.75)

twin1 = ax.twinx()
twin2 = ax.twinx()

# Offset the right spine of twin2.  The ticks and label have already been
# placed on the right by twinx above.
twin2.spines.right.set_position(("axes", 1.2))

p1, = ax.plot([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 2], "b-", label="Density")
p2, = twin1.plot([0, 1, 2], [0, 3, 2], "r-", label="Temperature")
p3, = twin2.plot([0, 1, 2], [50, 30, 15], "g-", label="Velocity")

ax.set_xlim(0, 2)
ax.set_ylim(0, 2)
twin1.set_ylim(0, 4)
twin2.set_ylim(1, 65)

ax.set_xlabel("Distance")
ax.set_ylabel("Density")
twin1.set_ylabel("Temperature")
twin2.set_ylabel("Velocity")

ax.yaxis.label.set_color(p1.get_color())
twin1.yaxis.label.set_color(p2.get_color())
twin2.yaxis.label.set_color(p3.get_color())

tkw = dict(size=4, width=1.5)
ax.tick_params(axis='y', colors=p1.get_color(), **tkw)
twin1.tick_params(axis='y', colors=p2.get_color(), **tkw)
twin2.tick_params(axis='y', colors=p3.get_color(), **tkw)
ax.tick_params(axis='x', **tkw)

ax.legend(handles=[p1, p2, p3])

plt.show()

您可以通过添加以下行轻松添加第二个图例:

ax2.legend(loc=0)

你会得到这个:

但是如果你想要所有的标签都在一个图例上，那么你应该这样做:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import rc
rc('mathtext', default='regular')

time = np.arange(10)
temp = np.random.random(10)*30
Swdown = np.random.random(10)*100-10
Rn = np.random.random(10)*100-10

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)

lns1 = ax.plot(time, Swdown, '-', label = 'Swdown')
lns2 = ax.plot(time, Rn, '-', label = 'Rn')
ax2 = ax.twinx()
lns3 = ax2.plot(time, temp, '-r', label = 'temp')

# added these three lines
lns = lns1+lns2+lns3
labs = [l.get_label() for l in lns]
ax.legend(lns, labs, loc=0)

ax.grid()
ax.set_xlabel("Time (h)")
ax.set_ylabel(r"Radiation ($MJ\,m^{-2}\,d^{-1}$)")
ax2.set_ylabel(r"Temperature ($^\circ$C)")
ax2.set_ylim(0, 35)
ax.set_ylim(-20,100)
plt.show()

它会给你这个:

目前提出的解决方案有一两个不便之处:

在绘图时需要单独收集句柄，例如lns1 = ax。plot(time, Swdown， '-'， label = 'Swdown')。在更新代码时，有忘记句柄的风险。 图例是为整个图形绘制的，而不是通过子图绘制的，如果你有多个子图，这可能是不可取的。

这个新的解决方案利用了Axes.get_legend_handles_labels()来收集主轴和双轴的现有句柄和标签。

自动收集手柄和标签

这个numpy操作将扫描所有与ax共享相同subplot区域的轴，包括ax并返回合并的句柄和标签:

hl = np.hstack([axis.get_legend_handles_labels()
                for axis in ax.figure.axes
                if axis.bbox.bounds == ax.bbox.bounds])

它可以用这样的方式来提供legend()参数:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

t = np.arange(1, 200)
signals = [np.exp(-t/20) * np.cos(t*k) for k in (1, 2)]

fig, axes = plt.subplots(nrows=2, figsize=(10, 3), layout='constrained')
axes = axes.flatten()

for i, (ax, signal) in enumerate(zip(axes, signals)):
    # Plot as usual, no change to the code
    ax.plot(t, signal, label=f'plotted on axes[{i}]', c='C0', lw=9, alpha=0.3)
    ax2 = ax.twinx()
    ax2.plot(t, signal, label=f'plotted on axes[{i}].twinx()', c='C1')

    # The only specificity of the code is when plotting the legend
    h, l = np.hstack([axis.get_legend_handles_labels()
                      for axis in ax.figure.axes
                      if axis.bbox.bounds == ax.bbox.bounds]).tolist()
    ax2.legend(handles=h, labels=l, loc='upper right')

我不确定这个功能是否是新的，但你也可以使用get_legend_handles_labels()方法，而不是自己跟踪行和标签:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import rc
rc('mathtext', default='regular')

pi = np.pi

# fake data
time = np.linspace (0, 25, 50)
temp = 50 / np.sqrt (2 * pi * 3**2) \
        * np.exp (-((time - 13)**2 / (3**2))**2) + 15
Swdown = 400 / np.sqrt (2 * pi * 3**2) * np.exp (-((time - 13)**2 / (3**2))**2)
Rn = Swdown - 10

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)

ax.plot(time, Swdown, '-', label = 'Swdown')
ax.plot(time, Rn, '-', label = 'Rn')
ax2 = ax.twinx()
ax2.plot(time, temp, '-r', label = 'temp')

# ask matplotlib for the plotted objects and their labels
lines, labels = ax.get_legend_handles_labels()
lines2, labels2 = ax2.get_legend_handles_labels()
ax2.legend(lines + lines2, labels + labels2, loc=0)

ax.grid()
ax.set_xlabel("Time (h)")
ax.set_ylabel(r"Radiation ($MJ\,m^{-2}\,d^{-1}$)")
ax2.set_ylabel(r"Temperature ($^\circ$C)")
ax2.set_ylim(0, 35)
ax.set_ylim(-20,100)
plt.show()

准备

import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

fig, ax1 = plt.subplots( figsize=(15,6) )

Y1, Y2 = np.random.random((2,100))

ax2 = ax1.twinx()

内容

我很惊讶它没有显示到目前为止，但最简单的方法是手动收集它们到一个轴objs(躺在彼此的顶部)

l1 = ax1.plot( range(len(Y1)), Y1, label='Label 1' )
l2 = ax2.plot( range(len(Y2)), Y2, label='Label 2', color='orange' )

ax1.legend( handles=l1+l2 )

或者通过fig.legend()将它们自动收集到周围的图形中，并摆弄bbox_to_anchor参数:

ax1.plot( range(len(Y1)), Y1, label='Label 1' )
ax2.plot( range(len(Y2)), Y2, label='Label 2', color='orange' )

fig.legend( bbox_to_anchor=(.97, .97) )

终结

fig.tight_layout()
fig.savefig('stackoverflow.png', bbox_inches='tight')

你可以很容易地得到你想要的，在ax中添加一行:

ax.plot([], [], '-r', label = 'temp')

or

ax.plot(np.nan, '-r', label = 'temp')

这将没有任何情节，但添加一个标签的传说斧头。

我认为这是一个更简单的方法。 当你在第二个轴上只有几条线时，没有必要自动跟踪线，因为像上面那样手动固定是非常容易的。不管怎样，这取决于你需要什么。

整个代码如下:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import rc
rc('mathtext', default='regular')

time = np.arange(22.)
temp = 20*np.random.rand(22)
Swdown = 10*np.random.randn(22)+40
Rn = 40*np.random.rand(22)

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
ax2 = ax.twinx()

#---------- look at below -----------

ax.plot(time, Swdown, '-', label = 'Swdown')
ax.plot(time, Rn, '-', label = 'Rn')

ax2.plot(time, temp, '-r')  # The true line in ax2
ax.plot(np.nan, '-r', label = 'temp')  # Make an agent in ax

ax.legend(loc=0)

#---------------done-----------------

ax.grid()
ax.set_xlabel("Time (h)")
ax.set_ylabel(r"Radiation ($MJ\,m^{-2}\,d^{-1}$)")
ax2.set_ylabel(r"Temperature ($^\circ$C)")
ax2.set_ylim(0, 35)
ax.set_ylim(-20,100)
plt.show()

图如下:

更新:添加一个更好的版本:

ax.plot(np.nan, '-r', label = 'temp')

当plot(0,0)可能会改变轴范围时，这将什么都不会做。

另一个关于散点的例子

ax.scatter([], [], s=100, label = 'temp')  # Make an agent in ax
ax2.scatter(time, temp, s=10)  # The true scatter in ax2

ax.legend(loc=1, framealpha=1)