super()如何处理多重继承?例如，给定:
class First(object):
def __init__(self):
print "first"
class Second(object):
def __init__(self):
print "second"
class Third(First, Second):
def __init__(self):
super(Third, self).__init__()
print "that's it"
Third的哪个父方法执行super()。__init__ refer to?我可以选择哪些运行吗?
我知道这与方法解析顺序(MRO)有关。
当前回答
我想用“无生命”来详细说明这个答案，因为当我开始阅读如何在Python的多重继承层次结构中使用super()时，我并没有立即得到它。
你需要了解的是super(MyClass, self).__init__()在完整继承层次结构的上下文中根据所使用的方法解析排序(MRO)算法提供下一个__init__方法。
理解这最后一部分至关重要。让我们再考虑一下这个例子:
#!/usr/bin/env python2
class First(object):
def __init__(self):
print "First(): entering"
super(First, self).__init__()
print "First(): exiting"
class Second(object):
def __init__(self):
print "Second(): entering"
super(Second, self).__init__()
print "Second(): exiting"
class Third(First, Second):
def __init__(self):
print "Third(): entering"
super(Third, self).__init__()
print "Third(): exiting"
根据Guido van Rossum关于方法解析顺序的文章，解析__init__的顺序是使用“深度优先的从左到右遍历”来计算的(在Python 2.3之前):
Third --> First --> object --> Second --> object
删除所有重复项后，除了最后一个，我们得到:
Third --> First --> Second --> object
那么，让我们来看看当我们实例化一个Third类的实例时会发生什么，例如x = Third()。
According to MRO Third.__init__ executes. prints Third(): entering then super(Third, self).__init__() executes and MRO returns First.__init__ which is called. First.__init__ executes. prints First(): entering then super(First, self).__init__() executes and MRO returns Second.__init__ which is called. Second.__init__ executes. prints Second(): entering then super(Second, self).__init__() executes and MRO returns object.__init__ which is called. object.__init__ executes (no print statements in the code there) execution goes back to Second.__init__ which then prints Second(): exiting execution goes back to First.__init__ which then prints First(): exiting execution goes back to Third.__init__ which then prints Third(): exiting
这详细说明了为什么实例化Third()会导致:
Third(): entering
First(): entering
Second(): entering
Second(): exiting
First(): exiting
Third(): exiting
从Python 2.3开始，MRO算法已经得到了改进，在复杂的情况下工作得很好，但我猜使用“深度优先的从左到右遍历”+“删除除最后一个重复项之外的重复项”在大多数情况下仍然有效(如果不是这样，请评论)。一定要阅读Guido的博客文章!
其他回答
在python 3.5+中，继承看起来是可预测的，对我来说非常好。 请看下面的代码:
class Base(object):
def foo(self):
print(" Base(): entering")
print(" Base(): exiting")
class First(Base):
def foo(self):
print(" First(): entering Will call Second now")
super().foo()
print(" First(): exiting")
class Second(Base):
def foo(self):
print(" Second(): entering")
super().foo()
print(" Second(): exiting")
class Third(First, Second):
def foo(self):
print(" Third(): entering")
super().foo()
print(" Third(): exiting")
class Fourth(Third):
def foo(self):
print("Fourth(): entering")
super().foo()
print("Fourth(): exiting")
Fourth().foo()
print(Fourth.__mro__)
输出:
Fourth(): entering
Third(): entering
First(): entering Will call Second now
Second(): entering
Base(): entering
Base(): exiting
Second(): exiting
First(): exiting
Third(): exiting
Fourth(): exiting
(<class '__main__.Fourth'>, <class '__main__.Third'>, <class '__main__.First'>, <class '__main__.Second'>, <class '__main__.Base'>, <class 'object'>)
正如你所看到的，它对每个继承链调用foo一次，其顺序与继承链的顺序相同。你可以通过调用.mro来获得订单:
Fourth -> Third -> First -> Second -> Base ->对象
我想用“无生命”来详细说明这个答案，因为当我开始阅读如何在Python的多重继承层次结构中使用super()时，我并没有立即得到它。
你需要了解的是super(MyClass, self).__init__()在完整继承层次结构的上下文中根据所使用的方法解析排序(MRO)算法提供下一个__init__方法。
理解这最后一部分至关重要。让我们再考虑一下这个例子:
#!/usr/bin/env python2
class First(object):
def __init__(self):
print "First(): entering"
super(First, self).__init__()
print "First(): exiting"
class Second(object):
def __init__(self):
print "Second(): entering"
super(Second, self).__init__()
print "Second(): exiting"
class Third(First, Second):
def __init__(self):
print "Third(): entering"
super(Third, self).__init__()
print "Third(): exiting"
根据Guido van Rossum关于方法解析顺序的文章，解析__init__的顺序是使用“深度优先的从左到右遍历”来计算的(在Python 2.3之前):
Third --> First --> object --> Second --> object
删除所有重复项后，除了最后一个，我们得到:
Third --> First --> Second --> object
那么，让我们来看看当我们实例化一个Third类的实例时会发生什么，例如x = Third()。
According to MRO Third.__init__ executes. prints Third(): entering then super(Third, self).__init__() executes and MRO returns First.__init__ which is called. First.__init__ executes. prints First(): entering then super(First, self).__init__() executes and MRO returns Second.__init__ which is called. Second.__init__ executes. prints Second(): entering then super(Second, self).__init__() executes and MRO returns object.__init__ which is called. object.__init__ executes (no print statements in the code there) execution goes back to Second.__init__ which then prints Second(): exiting execution goes back to First.__init__ which then prints First(): exiting execution goes back to Third.__init__ which then prints Third(): exiting
这详细说明了为什么实例化Third()会导致:
Third(): entering
First(): entering
Second(): entering
Second(): exiting
First(): exiting
Third(): exiting
从Python 2.3开始，MRO算法已经得到了改进，在复杂的情况下工作得很好，但我猜使用“深度优先的从左到右遍历”+“删除除最后一个重复项之外的重复项”在大多数情况下仍然有效(如果不是这样，请评论)。一定要阅读Guido的博客文章!
另一个尚未涉及的点是传递初始化类的参数。由于super的目标取决于子类，传递参数的唯一好方法是将它们打包在一起。然后注意不要让相同的参数名具有不同的含义。
例子:
class A(object):
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
print('A.__init__')
super().__init__()
class B(A):
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
print('B.__init__ {}'.format(kwargs['x']))
super().__init__(**kwargs)
class C(A):
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
print('C.__init__ with {}, {}'.format(kwargs['a'], kwargs['b']))
super().__init__(**kwargs)
class D(B, C): # MRO=D, B, C, A
def __init__(self):
print('D.__init__')
super().__init__(a=1, b=2, x=3)
print(D.mro())
D()
给:
[<class '__main__.D'>, <class '__main__.B'>, <class '__main__.C'>, <class '__main__.A'>, <class 'object'>]
D.__init__
B.__init__ 3
C.__init__ with 1, 2
A.__init__
直接调用超类__init__来更直接地赋值参数是很诱人的，但如果在超类中有任何超调用和/或MRO被更改并且类a可能被多次调用，则会失败，这取决于实现。
总结一下:合作继承和初始化的超参数和特定参数不能很好地协同工作。
我知道这并没有直接回答super()问题，但我觉得它有足够的相关性来分享。
还有一种方法可以直接调用每个继承的类:
class First(object):
def __init__(self):
print '1'
class Second(object):
def __init__(self):
print '2'
class Third(First, Second):
def __init__(self):
Second.__init__(self)
请注意，如果你这样做，你将不得不手动调用每个，因为我很确定First的__init__()不会被调用。
你的代码和其他答案都是错误的。它们缺少前两个类中的super()调用，这是合作子类化工作所必需的。更好的是:
class First(object):
def __init__(self):
super(First, self).__init__()
print("first")
class Second(object):
def __init__(self):
super(Second, self).__init__()
print("second")
class Third(First, Second):
def __init__(self):
super(Third, self).__init__()
print("third")
输出:
>>> Third()
second
first
third
super()调用在每一步都在MRO中查找下一个方法，这就是为什么First和Second也必须拥有它，否则执行将在Second.__init__()结束时停止。
如果在First和Second中没有super()调用，输出就会丢失Second:
>>> Third()
first
third
