super()如何处理多重继承?例如，给定:
class First(object):
def __init__(self):
print "first"
class Second(object):
def __init__(self):
print "second"
class Third(First, Second):
def __init__(self):
super(Third, self).__init__()
print "that's it"
Third的哪个父方法执行super()。__init__ refer to?我可以选择哪些运行吗?
我知道这与方法解析顺序(MRO)有关。
当前回答
我想补充一下@Visionscaper在开头说的话:
Third --> First --> object --> Second --> object
在这种情况下，解释器不会过滤掉对象类，因为它是重复的，而是因为Second出现在一个层次结构子集的头部位置，而不是尾部位置。而在C3算法中，对象只出现在尾部位置，不被认为是一个强位置来确定优先级。
线性化(mro)的类C, L(C)，是
丙类 加上归并 线性化父函数P1, P2， ..= L(P1, P2，… 它的父元素P1, P2， ..
线性化合并是通过选择出现在列表头部而不是尾部的公共类来完成的，因为顺序很重要(下面会清楚地说明)
Third的线性化计算如下:
L(O) := [O] // the linearization(mro) of O(object), because O has no parents
L(First) := [First] + merge(L(O), [O])
= [First] + merge([O], [O])
= [First, O]
// Similarly,
L(Second) := [Second, O]
L(Third) := [Third] + merge(L(First), L(Second), [First, Second])
= [Third] + merge([First, O], [Second, O], [First, Second])
// class First is a good candidate for the first merge step, because it only appears as the head of the first and last lists
// class O is not a good candidate for the next merge step, because it also appears in the tails of list 1 and 2,
= [Third, First] + merge([O], [Second, O], [Second])
// class Second is a good candidate for the second merge step, because it appears as the head of the list 2 and 3
= [Third, First, Second] + merge([O], [O])
= [Third, First, Second, O]
因此，对于下面代码中的super()实现:
class First(object):
def __init__(self):
super(First, self).__init__()
print "first"
class Second(object):
def __init__(self):
super(Second, self).__init__()
print "second"
class Third(First, Second):
def __init__(self):
super(Third, self).__init__()
print "that's it"
很明显，这个方法将如何解决
Third.__init__() ---> First.__init__() ---> Second.__init__() --->
Object.__init__() ---> returns ---> Second.__init__() -
prints "second" - returns ---> First.__init__() -
prints "first" - returns ---> Third.__init__() - prints "that's it"
其他回答
我想用“无生命”来详细说明这个答案，因为当我开始阅读如何在Python的多重继承层次结构中使用super()时，我并没有立即得到它。
你需要了解的是super(MyClass, self).__init__()在完整继承层次结构的上下文中根据所使用的方法解析排序(MRO)算法提供下一个__init__方法。
理解这最后一部分至关重要。让我们再考虑一下这个例子:
#!/usr/bin/env python2
class First(object):
def __init__(self):
print "First(): entering"
super(First, self).__init__()
print "First(): exiting"
class Second(object):
def __init__(self):
print "Second(): entering"
super(Second, self).__init__()
print "Second(): exiting"
class Third(First, Second):
def __init__(self):
print "Third(): entering"
super(Third, self).__init__()
print "Third(): exiting"
根据Guido van Rossum关于方法解析顺序的文章，解析__init__的顺序是使用“深度优先的从左到右遍历”来计算的(在Python 2.3之前):
Third --> First --> object --> Second --> object
删除所有重复项后，除了最后一个，我们得到:
Third --> First --> Second --> object
那么，让我们来看看当我们实例化一个Third类的实例时会发生什么，例如x = Third()。
According to MRO Third.__init__ executes. prints Third(): entering then super(Third, self).__init__() executes and MRO returns First.__init__ which is called. First.__init__ executes. prints First(): entering then super(First, self).__init__() executes and MRO returns Second.__init__ which is called. Second.__init__ executes. prints Second(): entering then super(Second, self).__init__() executes and MRO returns object.__init__ which is called. object.__init__ executes (no print statements in the code there) execution goes back to Second.__init__ which then prints Second(): exiting execution goes back to First.__init__ which then prints First(): exiting execution goes back to Third.__init__ which then prints Third(): exiting
这详细说明了为什么实例化Third()会导致:
Third(): entering
First(): entering
Second(): entering
Second(): exiting
First(): exiting
Third(): exiting
从Python 2.3开始，MRO算法已经得到了改进，在复杂的情况下工作得很好，但我猜使用“深度优先的从左到右遍历”+“删除除最后一个重复项之外的重复项”在大多数情况下仍然有效(如果不是这样，请评论)。一定要阅读Guido的博客文章!
我想补充一下@Visionscaper在开头说的话:
Third --> First --> object --> Second --> object
在这种情况下，解释器不会过滤掉对象类，因为它是重复的，而是因为Second出现在一个层次结构子集的头部位置，而不是尾部位置。而在C3算法中，对象只出现在尾部位置，不被认为是一个强位置来确定优先级。
线性化(mro)的类C, L(C)，是
丙类 加上归并 线性化父函数P1, P2， ..= L(P1, P2，… 它的父元素P1, P2， ..
线性化合并是通过选择出现在列表头部而不是尾部的公共类来完成的，因为顺序很重要(下面会清楚地说明)
Third的线性化计算如下:
L(O) := [O] // the linearization(mro) of O(object), because O has no parents
L(First) := [First] + merge(L(O), [O])
= [First] + merge([O], [O])
= [First, O]
// Similarly,
L(Second) := [Second, O]
L(Third) := [Third] + merge(L(First), L(Second), [First, Second])
= [Third] + merge([First, O], [Second, O], [First, Second])
// class First is a good candidate for the first merge step, because it only appears as the head of the first and last lists
// class O is not a good candidate for the next merge step, because it also appears in the tails of list 1 and 2,
= [Third, First] + merge([O], [Second, O], [Second])
// class Second is a good candidate for the second merge step, because it appears as the head of the list 2 and 3
= [Third, First, Second] + merge([O], [O])
= [Third, First, Second, O]
因此，对于下面代码中的super()实现:
class First(object):
def __init__(self):
super(First, self).__init__()
print "first"
class Second(object):
def __init__(self):
super(Second, self).__init__()
print "second"
class Third(First, Second):
def __init__(self):
super(Third, self).__init__()
print "that's it"
很明显，这个方法将如何解决
Third.__init__() ---> First.__init__() ---> Second.__init__() --->
Object.__init__() ---> returns ---> Second.__init__() -
prints "second" - returns ---> First.__init__() -
prints "first" - returns ---> Third.__init__() - prints "that's it"
把这个答案贴出来供我将来参考。
Python多重继承应该使用菱形模型，并且函数签名不应该在模型中更改。
A
/ \
B C
\ /
D
示例代码片段为;-
class A:
def __init__(self, name=None):
# this is the head of the diamond, no need to call super() here
self.name = name
class B(A):
def __init__(self, param1='hello', **kwargs):
super().__init__(**kwargs)
self.param1 = param1
class C(A):
def __init__(self, param2='bye', **kwargs):
super().__init__(**kwargs)
self.param2 = param2
class D(B, C):
def __init__(self, works='fine', **kwargs):
super().__init__(**kwargs)
print(f"{works=}, {self.param1=}, {self.param2=}, {self.name=}")
d = D(name='Testing')
这里类A是对象
我知道这并没有直接回答super()问题，但我觉得它有足够的相关性来分享。
还有一种方法可以直接调用每个继承的类:
class First(object):
def __init__(self):
print '1'
class Second(object):
def __init__(self):
print '2'
class Third(First, Second):
def __init__(self):
Second.__init__(self)
请注意，如果你这样做，你将不得不手动调用每个，因为我很确定First的__init__()不会被调用。
关于@calfzhou的评论，你可以像往常一样使用**kwargs:
在线运行示例
class A(object):
def __init__(self, a, *args, **kwargs):
print("A", a)
class B(A):
def __init__(self, b, *args, **kwargs):
super(B, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
print("B", b)
class A1(A):
def __init__(self, a1, *args, **kwargs):
super(A1, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
print("A1", a1)
class B1(A1, B):
def __init__(self, b1, *args, **kwargs):
super(B1, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
print("B1", b1)
B1(a1=6, b1=5, b="hello", a=None)
结果:
A None
B hello
A1 6
B1 5
你也可以在不同的位置使用它们:
B1(5, 6, b="hello", a=None)
但你必须记住MRO，它真的很混乱。你可以通过使用关键字参数来避免这种情况:
class A(object):
def __init__(self, *args, a, **kwargs):
print("A", a)
等等。
我可能有点烦人，但我注意到人们每次重写一个方法时都会忘记使用*args和**kwargs，而这是这些“神奇变量”为数不多的真正有用和理智的使用之一。
