super()如何处理多重继承?例如，给定:
class First(object):
def __init__(self):
print "first"
class Second(object):
def __init__(self):
print "second"
class Third(First, Second):
def __init__(self):
super(Third, self).__init__()
print "that's it"
Third的哪个父方法执行super()。__init__ refer to?我可以选择哪些运行吗?
我知道这与方法解析顺序(MRO)有关。
当前回答
这就是我如何解决具有不同初始化变量的多重继承和具有相同函数调用的多个mixin的问题。我必须显式地为传递的**kwargs添加变量，并添加一个MixIn接口作为超级调用的端点。
这里A是一个可扩展的基类，B和C是MixIn类，它们都提供函数f。A和B都在它们的__init__中期望参数v，而C期望w。 函数f接受一个参数y。Q继承了所有三个类。MixInF是B和C的mixin接口。
这段代码的IPython NoteBook Github回购的代码示例
class A(object):
def __init__(self, v, *args, **kwargs):
print "A:init:v[{0}]".format(v)
kwargs['v']=v
super(A, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.v = v
class MixInF(object):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
print "IObject:init"
def f(self, y):
print "IObject:y[{0}]".format(y)
class B(MixInF):
def __init__(self, v, *args, **kwargs):
print "B:init:v[{0}]".format(v)
kwargs['v']=v
super(B, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.v = v
def f(self, y):
print "B:f:v[{0}]:y[{1}]".format(self.v, y)
super(B, self).f(y)
class C(MixInF):
def __init__(self, w, *args, **kwargs):
print "C:init:w[{0}]".format(w)
kwargs['w']=w
super(C, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.w = w
def f(self, y):
print "C:f:w[{0}]:y[{1}]".format(self.w, y)
super(C, self).f(y)
class Q(C,B,A):
def __init__(self, v, w):
super(Q, self).__init__(v=v, w=w)
def f(self, y):
print "Q:f:y[{0}]".format(y)
super(Q, self).f(y)
其他回答
class First(object):
def __init__(self, a):
print "first", a
super(First, self).__init__(20)
class Second(object):
def __init__(self, a):
print "second", a
super(Second, self).__init__()
class Third(First, Second):
def __init__(self):
super(Third, self).__init__(10)
print "that's it"
t = Third()
输出是
first 10
second 20
that's it
调用Third()定位在Third中定义的init。在这个例程中调用super调用First中定义的init。MRO =(一、二)。 现在在First中定义的init中调用super将继续搜索MRO并找到Second中定义的init，并且任何对super的调用都将命中默认对象init。我希望这个例子能够阐明这个概念。
如果你不在第一分局给管理员打电话。链条停止，您将得到以下输出。
first 10
that's it
我想用“无生命”来详细说明这个答案，因为当我开始阅读如何在Python的多重继承层次结构中使用super()时，我并没有立即得到它。
你需要了解的是super(MyClass, self).__init__()在完整继承层次结构的上下文中根据所使用的方法解析排序(MRO)算法提供下一个__init__方法。
理解这最后一部分至关重要。让我们再考虑一下这个例子:
#!/usr/bin/env python2
class First(object):
def __init__(self):
print "First(): entering"
super(First, self).__init__()
print "First(): exiting"
class Second(object):
def __init__(self):
print "Second(): entering"
super(Second, self).__init__()
print "Second(): exiting"
class Third(First, Second):
def __init__(self):
print "Third(): entering"
super(Third, self).__init__()
print "Third(): exiting"
根据Guido van Rossum关于方法解析顺序的文章，解析__init__的顺序是使用“深度优先的从左到右遍历”来计算的(在Python 2.3之前):
Third --> First --> object --> Second --> object
删除所有重复项后，除了最后一个，我们得到:
Third --> First --> Second --> object
那么，让我们来看看当我们实例化一个Third类的实例时会发生什么，例如x = Third()。
According to MRO Third.__init__ executes. prints Third(): entering then super(Third, self).__init__() executes and MRO returns First.__init__ which is called. First.__init__ executes. prints First(): entering then super(First, self).__init__() executes and MRO returns Second.__init__ which is called. Second.__init__ executes. prints Second(): entering then super(Second, self).__init__() executes and MRO returns object.__init__ which is called. object.__init__ executes (no print statements in the code there) execution goes back to Second.__init__ which then prints Second(): exiting execution goes back to First.__init__ which then prints First(): exiting execution goes back to Third.__init__ which then prints Third(): exiting
这详细说明了为什么实例化Third()会导致:
Third(): entering
First(): entering
Second(): entering
Second(): exiting
First(): exiting
Third(): exiting
从Python 2.3开始，MRO算法已经得到了改进，在复杂的情况下工作得很好，但我猜使用“深度优先的从左到右遍历”+“删除除最后一个重复项之外的重复项”在大多数情况下仍然有效(如果不是这样，请评论)。一定要阅读Guido的博客文章!
在python 3.5+中，继承看起来是可预测的，对我来说非常好。 请看下面的代码:
class Base(object):
def foo(self):
print(" Base(): entering")
print(" Base(): exiting")
class First(Base):
def foo(self):
print(" First(): entering Will call Second now")
super().foo()
print(" First(): exiting")
class Second(Base):
def foo(self):
print(" Second(): entering")
super().foo()
print(" Second(): exiting")
class Third(First, Second):
def foo(self):
print(" Third(): entering")
super().foo()
print(" Third(): exiting")
class Fourth(Third):
def foo(self):
print("Fourth(): entering")
super().foo()
print("Fourth(): exiting")
Fourth().foo()
print(Fourth.__mro__)
输出:
Fourth(): entering
Third(): entering
First(): entering Will call Second now
Second(): entering
Base(): entering
Base(): exiting
Second(): exiting
First(): exiting
Third(): exiting
Fourth(): exiting
(<class '__main__.Fourth'>, <class '__main__.Third'>, <class '__main__.First'>, <class '__main__.Second'>, <class '__main__.Base'>, <class 'object'>)
正如你所看到的，它对每个继承链调用foo一次，其顺序与继承链的顺序相同。你可以通过调用.mro来获得订单:
Fourth -> Third -> First -> Second -> Base ->对象
这就是我如何解决具有不同初始化变量的多重继承和具有相同函数调用的多个mixin的问题。我必须显式地为传递的**kwargs添加变量，并添加一个MixIn接口作为超级调用的端点。
这里A是一个可扩展的基类，B和C是MixIn类，它们都提供函数f。A和B都在它们的__init__中期望参数v，而C期望w。 函数f接受一个参数y。Q继承了所有三个类。MixInF是B和C的mixin接口。
这段代码的IPython NoteBook Github回购的代码示例
class A(object):
def __init__(self, v, *args, **kwargs):
print "A:init:v[{0}]".format(v)
kwargs['v']=v
super(A, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.v = v
class MixInF(object):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
print "IObject:init"
def f(self, y):
print "IObject:y[{0}]".format(y)
class B(MixInF):
def __init__(self, v, *args, **kwargs):
print "B:init:v[{0}]".format(v)
kwargs['v']=v
super(B, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.v = v
def f(self, y):
print "B:f:v[{0}]:y[{1}]".format(self.v, y)
super(B, self).f(y)
class C(MixInF):
def __init__(self, w, *args, **kwargs):
print "C:init:w[{0}]".format(w)
kwargs['w']=w
super(C, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
self.w = w
def f(self, y):
print "C:f:w[{0}]:y[{1}]".format(self.w, y)
super(C, self).f(y)
class Q(C,B,A):
def __init__(self, v, w):
super(Q, self).__init__(v=v, w=w)
def f(self, y):
print "Q:f:y[{0}]".format(y)
super(Q, self).f(y)
把这个答案贴出来供我将来参考。
Python多重继承应该使用菱形模型，并且函数签名不应该在模型中更改。
A
/ \
B C
\ /
D
示例代码片段为;-
class A:
def __init__(self, name=None):
# this is the head of the diamond, no need to call super() here
self.name = name
class B(A):
def __init__(self, param1='hello', **kwargs):
super().__init__(**kwargs)
self.param1 = param1
class C(A):
def __init__(self, param2='bye', **kwargs):
super().__init__(**kwargs)
self.param2 = param2
class D(B, C):
def __init__(self, works='fine', **kwargs):
super().__init__(**kwargs)
print(f"{works=}, {self.param1=}, {self.param2=}, {self.name=}")
d = D(name='Testing')
这里类A是对象
