PEP 8规定:
导入总是放在文件的顶部，就在任何模块注释和文档字符串之后，在模块全局变量和常量之前。
然而，如果我导入的类/方法/函数只在很少的情况下使用，那么在需要时进行导入肯定会更有效吗?
这不是:
class SomeClass(object):
def not_often_called(self)
from datetime import datetime
self.datetime = datetime.now()
比这更有效率?
from datetime import datetime
class SomeClass(object):
def not_often_called(self)
self.datetime = datetime.now()
当前回答
以下是对这个问题的最新答案总结 而且 相关的 的问题。
PEP 8 recommends putting imports at the top. It's often more convenient to get ImportErrors when you first run your program rather than when your program first calls your function. Putting imports in the function scope can help avoid issues with circular imports. Putting imports in the function scope helps keep maintain a clean module namespace, so that it does not appear among tab-completion suggestions. Start-up time: imports in a function won't run until (if) that function is called. Might get significant with heavy-weight libraries. Even though import statements are super fast on subsequent runs, they still incur a speed penalty which can be significant if the function is trivial but frequently in use. Imports under the __name__ == "__main__" guard seem very reasonable. Refactoring might be easier if the imports are located in the function where they're used (facilitates moving it to another module). It can also be argued that this is good for readability. However, most would argue the contrary, i.e. Imports at the top enhance readability, since you can see all your dependencies at a glance. It seems unclear if dynamic or conditional imports favour one style over another.
其他回答
Module initialization only occurs once - on the first import. If the module in question is from the standard library, then you will likely import it from other modules in your program as well. For a module as prevalent as datetime, it is also likely a dependency for a slew of other standard libraries. The import statement would cost very little then since the module intialization would have happened already. All it is doing at this point is binding the existing module object to the local scope.
将这些信息与可读性参数结合起来，我会说import语句最好在模块范围内。
Curt提出了一个很好的观点:第二个版本更清晰，并且会在加载时失败，而不是在加载后失败，而且出乎意料。
通常我不担心加载模块的效率，因为它(a)非常快，(b)大多数只发生在启动时。
如果你不得不在意想不到的时候加载重量级模块，使用__import__函数动态加载它们可能更有意义，并确保捕获ImportError异常，并以合理的方式处理它们。
可读性
除了启动性能外，本地化import语句还需要考虑可读性。例如，在我目前的第一个python项目中使用python行号1283到1296:
listdata.append(['tk font version', font_version])
listdata.append(['Gtk version', str(Gtk.get_major_version())+"."+
str(Gtk.get_minor_version())+"."+
str(Gtk.get_micro_version())])
import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET
xmltree = ET.parse('/usr/share/gnome/gnome-version.xml')
xmlroot = xmltree.getroot()
result = []
for child in xmlroot:
result.append(child.text)
listdata.append(['Gnome version', result[0]+"."+result[1]+"."+
result[2]+" "+result[3]])
如果import语句在文件的顶部，我将不得不向上滚动很长一段距离，或按Home键，以找出ET是什么。然后我将不得不返回到第1283行继续阅读代码。
实际上，即使import语句像许多人那样位于函数(或类)的顶部，也需要向上和向下分页。
很少会显示Gnome版本号，因此在文件顶部导入会引入不必要的启动延迟。
Putting the import statement inside of a function can prevent circular dependencies. For example, if you have 2 modules, X.py and Y.py, and they both need to import each other, this will cause a circular dependency when you import one of the modules causing an infinite loop. If you move the import statement in one of the modules then it won't try to import the other module till the function is called, and that module will already be imported, so no infinite loop. Read here for more - effbot.org/zone/import-confusion.htm
这是一个只有程序员才能决定的权衡。
Case 1在需要时才导入datetime模块(并进行任何可能需要的初始化)，从而节省了一些内存和启动时间。请注意，“仅在被调用时”导入也意味着“每次被调用时”导入，因此第一次调用之后的每个调用仍然会产生执行导入的额外开销。
情况2通过提前导入datetime来节省一些执行时间和延迟，这样在调用not_often_called()时就会更快地返回，而且也不会在每次调用时都产生导入的开销。
除了效率，如果import语句是…前面。将它们隐藏在代码中会使查找某个组件所依赖的模块变得更加困难。
就我个人而言，我通常遵循PEP，除了单元测试之类的东西，我不希望总是加载这些东西，因为我知道除了测试代码之外，它们不会被使用。
