使用 subprocess.call:

from subprocess import call

# Using list
call(["echo", "Hello", "world"])

# Single string argument varies across platforms so better split it
call("echo Hello world".split(" "))

2015 年更新: Python 3.5 添加了 subprocess.run 比 subprocess.Popen 更容易使用。

>>> subprocess.run(["ls", "-l"])  # doesn't capture output
CompletedProcess(args=['ls', '-l'], returncode=0)

>>> subprocess.run("exit 1", shell=True, check=True)
Traceback (most recent call last):
  ...
subprocess.CalledProcessError: Command 'exit 1' returned non-zero exit status 1

>>> subprocess.run(["ls", "-l", "/dev/null"], capture_output=True)
CompletedProcess(args=['ls', '-l', '/dev/null'], returncode=0,
stdout=b'crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 Jan 23 16:23 /dev/null\n', stderr=b'')

典型的实施:

import subprocess

p = subprocess.Popen('ls', shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
for line in p.stdout.readlines():
    print line,
retval = p.wait()

事实上,你可以简单地忽略这些参数(stdout=和stderr=)并将像os.system()一样行事。

使用副过程。

或者一个非常简单的命令:

import os
os.system('cat testfile')

我常常用下列函数用于外部命令,这特别适用于长时间运行过程,下面的方法在运行时将过程输出缩短,并返回输出,如果过程失败,则会产生一个例外。

结果是,如果这个过程是通过 poll() 方法完成的。

import subprocess,sys

def exec_long_running_proc(command, args):
    cmd = "{} {}".format(command, " ".join(str(arg) if ' ' not in arg else arg.replace(' ','\ ') for arg in args))
    print(cmd)
    process = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)

    # Poll process for new output until finished
    while True:
        nextline = process.stdout.readline().decode('UTF-8')
        if nextline == '' and process.poll() is not None:
            break
        sys.stdout.write(nextline)
        sys.stdout.flush()

    output = process.communicate()[0]
    exitCode = process.returncode

    if (exitCode == 0):
        return output
    else:
        raise Exception(command, exitCode, output)

你可以这样引用它:

exec_long_running_proc(command = "hive", args=["-f", hql_path])

最简单的方式运行任何命令,并获得结果:

from commands import getstatusoutput

try:
    return getstatusoutput("ls -ltr")
except Exception, e:
    return None