如果您正在使用分配的生成器，使用merge而不是持久化可能会导致冗余SQL语句，从而影响性能。

另外，对托管实体调用merge也是一个错误，因为托管实体是由Hibernate自动管理的，并且它们的状态在刷新持久性上下文时通过脏检查机制与数据库记录同步。

要理解这一切是如何工作的，首先应该知道Hibernate将开发人员的思维模式从SQL语句转换为实体状态转换。

一旦一个实体被Hibernate主动管理，所有的更改都将自动传播到数据库中。

Hibernate监视当前附加的实体。但是要使实体受到管理，它必须处于正确的实体状态。

为了更好地理解JPA状态转换，您可以将下面的图可视化:

或者如果你使用Hibernate特定的API:

如上图所示，一个实体可以处于以下四种状态之一:

新(瞬态)

如果一个新创建的对象从未与Hibernate会话(也就是持久化上下文)关联过，也没有映射到任何数据库表行，则认为该对象处于New (Transient)状态。

要成为持久化，我们需要显式地调用EntityManager#persist方法，或者使用传递持久化机制。

Persistent (Managed) A persistent entity has been associated with a database table row and it’s being managed by the currently running Persistence Context. Any change made to such an entity is going to be detected and propagated to the database (during the Session flush-time). With Hibernate, we no longer have to execute INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statements. Hibernate employs a transactional write-behind working style and changes are synchronized at the very last responsible moment, during the current Session flush-time. Detached

一旦当前运行的持久性上下文被关闭，所有以前管理的实体将被分离。连续的更改将不再被跟踪，也不会发生自动的数据库同步。

要将分离实体关联到活动Hibernate会话，您可以选择以下选项之一:

Reattaching Hibernate (but not JPA 2.1) supports reattaching through the Session#update method. A Hibernate Session can only associate one Entity object for a given database row. This is because the Persistence Context acts as an in-memory cache (first level cache) and only one value (entity) is associated with a given key (entity type and database identifier). An entity can be reattached only if there is no other JVM object (matching the same database row) already associated with the current Hibernate Session. Merging The merge is going to copy the detached entity state (source) to a managed entity instance (destination). If the merging entity has no equivalent in the current Session, one will be fetched from the database. The detached object instance will continue to remain detached even after the merge operation. Remove Although JPA demands that managed entities only are allowed to be removed, Hibernate can also delete detached entities (but only through a Session#delete method call). A removed entity is only scheduled for deletion and the actual database DELETE statement will be executed during Session flush-time.

如果您正在使用分配的生成器，使用merge而不是持久化可能会导致冗余SQL语句，从而影响性能。

另外，对托管实体调用merge也是一个错误，因为托管实体是由Hibernate自动管理的，并且它们的状态在刷新持久性上下文时通过脏检查机制与数据库记录同步。

要理解这一切是如何工作的，首先应该知道Hibernate将开发人员的思维模式从SQL语句转换为实体状态转换。

一旦一个实体被Hibernate主动管理，所有的更改都将自动传播到数据库中。

Hibernate监视当前附加的实体。但是要使实体受到管理，它必须处于正确的实体状态。

为了更好地理解JPA状态转换，您可以将下面的图可视化:

或者如果你使用Hibernate特定的API:

如上图所示，一个实体可以处于以下四种状态之一:

新(瞬态)

如果一个新创建的对象从未与Hibernate会话(也就是持久化上下文)关联过，也没有映射到任何数据库表行，则认为该对象处于New (Transient)状态。

要成为持久化，我们需要显式地调用EntityManager#persist方法，或者使用传递持久化机制。

Persistent (Managed) A persistent entity has been associated with a database table row and it’s being managed by the currently running Persistence Context. Any change made to such an entity is going to be detected and propagated to the database (during the Session flush-time). With Hibernate, we no longer have to execute INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statements. Hibernate employs a transactional write-behind working style and changes are synchronized at the very last responsible moment, during the current Session flush-time. Detached

一旦当前运行的持久性上下文被关闭，所有以前管理的实体将被分离。连续的更改将不再被跟踪，也不会发生自动的数据库同步。

要将分离实体关联到活动Hibernate会话，您可以选择以下选项之一:

Reattaching Hibernate (but not JPA 2.1) supports reattaching through the Session#update method. A Hibernate Session can only associate one Entity object for a given database row. This is because the Persistence Context acts as an in-memory cache (first level cache) and only one value (entity) is associated with a given key (entity type and database identifier). An entity can be reattached only if there is no other JVM object (matching the same database row) already associated with the current Hibernate Session. Merging The merge is going to copy the detached entity state (source) to a managed entity instance (destination). If the merging entity has no equivalent in the current Session, one will be fetched from the database. The detached object instance will continue to remain detached even after the merge operation. Remove Although JPA demands that managed entities only are allowed to be removed, Hibernate can also delete detached entities (but only through a Session#delete method call). A removed entity is only scheduled for deletion and the actual database DELETE statement will be executed during Session flush-time.

JPA is indisputably a great simplification in the domain of enterprise applications built on the Java platform. As a developer who had to cope up with the intricacies of the old entity beans in J2EE I see the inclusion of JPA among the Java EE specifications as a big leap forward. However, while delving deeper into the JPA details I find things that are not so easy. In this article I deal with comparison of the EntityManager’s merge and persist methods whose overlapping behavior may cause confusion not only to a newbie. Furthermore I propose a generalization that sees both methods as special cases of a more general method combine.

持久化实体

与merge方法相比，persist方法非常简单直观。使用persist方法最常见的场景可以总结如下:

一个新创建的实体类实例被传递给持久化方法。该方法返回后，将管理实体并计划将其插入到数据库中。它可能发生在事务提交时或提交之前，也可能发生在调用flush方法时。如果实体通过标记为PERSIST级联策略的关系引用另一个实体，则此过程也应用于它。”

规范中有更多的细节，然而，记住它们并不重要，因为这些细节只涵盖了或多或少的奇异情况。

合并实体

In comparison to persist, the description of the merge's behavior is not so simple. There is no main scenario, as it is in the case of persist, and a programmer must remember all scenarios in order to write a correct code. It seems to me that the JPA designers wanted to have some method whose primary concern would be handling detached entities (as the opposite to the persist method that deals with newly created entities primarily.) The merge method's major task is to transfer the state from an unmanaged entity (passed as the argument) to its managed counterpart within the persistence context. This task, however, divides further into several scenarios which worsen the intelligibility of the overall method's behavior.

我没有从JPA规范中重复段落，而是准备了一个流程图，概要地描述了合并方法的行为:

什么时候使用持久化，什么时候使用归并?

坚持

您希望该方法总是创建一个新实体，而从不更新实体。否则，该方法将因违反主键惟一性而引发异常。 批处理流程，以有状态的方式处理实体(参见网关模式)。 性能优化

走

您希望该方法插入或更新数据库中的实体。 您希望以无状态的方式处理实体(服务中的数据传输对象) 您希望插入一个新实体，该实体可能对另一个实体有引用，但可能尚未创建(关系必须标记为MERGE)。例如，插入带有新相册或已有相册引用的新照片。

这两种方法都会将实体添加到PersistenceContext中，区别在于之后如何处理实体。

Persist获取一个实体实例，将其添加到上下文中，并使该实例被管理(即将跟踪实体的未来更新)。

Merge返回与状态合并的托管实例。它确实返回存在于PersistenceContext中的内容或创建实体的新实例。在任何情况下，它都会从提供的实体复制状态，并返回一个托管副本。传入的实例不会被管理(你所做的任何更改都不会成为事务的一部分——除非你再次调用merge)。不过您可以使用返回的实例(托管实例)。

也许一个代码示例会有所帮助。

MyEntity e = new MyEntity();

// scenario 1
// tran starts
em.persist(e); 
e.setSomeField(someValue); 
// tran ends, and the row for someField is updated in the database

// scenario 2
// tran starts
e = new MyEntity();
em.merge(e);
e.setSomeField(anotherValue); 
// tran ends but the row for someField is not updated in the database
// (you made the changes *after* merging)
      
// scenario 3
// tran starts
e = new MyEntity();
MyEntity e2 = em.merge(e);
e2.setSomeField(anotherValue); 
// tran ends and the row for someField is updated
// (the changes were made to e2, not e)

场景1和3大致相同，但在某些情况下，您可能希望使用场景2。

场景X:

表:spititter(1)，表:Spittles(许多)(Spittles是与FK:spitter_id关系的所有者)

这个场景的结果是节省:喷壶和两个喷壶就像被同一个喷壶拥有一样。

        Spitter spitter=new Spitter();  
    Spittle spittle3=new Spittle();     
    spitter.setUsername("George");
    spitter.setPassword("test1234");
    spittle3.setSpittle("I love java 2");       
    spittle3.setSpitter(spitter);               
    dao.addSpittle(spittle3); // <--persist     
    Spittle spittle=new Spittle();
    spittle.setSpittle("I love java");
    spittle.setSpitter(spitter);        
    dao.saveSpittle(spittle); //<-- merge!!

场景Y:

这将拯救喷壶，将拯救2喷壶，但他们不会引用同一喷壶!

        Spitter spitter=new Spitter();  
    Spittle spittle3=new Spittle();     
    spitter.setUsername("George");
    spitter.setPassword("test1234");
    spittle3.setSpittle("I love java 2");       
    spittle3.setSpitter(spitter);               
    dao.save(spittle3); // <--merge!!       
    Spittle spittle=new Spittle();
    spittle.setSpittle("I love java");
    spittle.setSpitter(spitter);        
    dao.saveSpittle(spittle); //<-- merge!!

您可能来这里寻求关于何时使用持久化和何时使用合并的建议。我认为这取决于具体情况:您需要创建新记录的可能性有多大，以及检索持久数据的难度有多大。

让我们假设您可以使用自然键/标识符。

Data needs to be persisted, but once in a while a record exists and an update is called for. In this case you could try a persist and if it throws an EntityExistsException, you look it up and combine the data: try { entityManager.persist(entity) } catch(EntityExistsException exception) { /* retrieve and merge */ } Persisted data needs to be updated, but once in a while there is no record for the data yet. In this case you look it up, and do a persist if the entity is missing: entity = entityManager.find(key); if (entity == null) { entityManager.persist(entity); } else { /* merge */ }

如果你没有自然的键/标识符，你将很难弄清楚实体是否存在，或者如何查找它。

合并也可以用两种方式处理:

如果更改通常很小，请将其应用到托管实体。 如果更改很常见，则从持久化实体以及未更改的数据复制ID。然后调用EntityManager::merge()替换旧的内容。