如果您正在使用分配的生成器，使用merge而不是持久化可能会导致冗余SQL语句，从而影响性能。

另外，对托管实体调用merge也是一个错误，因为托管实体是由Hibernate自动管理的，并且它们的状态在刷新持久性上下文时通过脏检查机制与数据库记录同步。

要理解这一切是如何工作的，首先应该知道Hibernate将开发人员的思维模式从SQL语句转换为实体状态转换。

一旦一个实体被Hibernate主动管理，所有的更改都将自动传播到数据库中。

Hibernate监视当前附加的实体。但是要使实体受到管理，它必须处于正确的实体状态。

为了更好地理解JPA状态转换，您可以将下面的图可视化:

或者如果你使用Hibernate特定的API:

如上图所示，一个实体可以处于以下四种状态之一:

新(瞬态)

如果一个新创建的对象从未与Hibernate会话(也就是持久化上下文)关联过，也没有映射到任何数据库表行，则认为该对象处于New (Transient)状态。

要成为持久化，我们需要显式地调用EntityManager#persist方法，或者使用传递持久化机制。

Persistent (Managed) A persistent entity has been associated with a database table row and it’s being managed by the currently running Persistence Context. Any change made to such an entity is going to be detected and propagated to the database (during the Session flush-time). With Hibernate, we no longer have to execute INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE statements. Hibernate employs a transactional write-behind working style and changes are synchronized at the very last responsible moment, during the current Session flush-time. Detached

一旦当前运行的持久性上下文被关闭，所有以前管理的实体将被分离。连续的更改将不再被跟踪，也不会发生自动的数据库同步。

要将分离实体关联到活动Hibernate会话，您可以选择以下选项之一:

Reattaching Hibernate (but not JPA 2.1) supports reattaching through the Session#update method. A Hibernate Session can only associate one Entity object for a given database row. This is because the Persistence Context acts as an in-memory cache (first level cache) and only one value (entity) is associated with a given key (entity type and database identifier). An entity can be reattached only if there is no other JVM object (matching the same database row) already associated with the current Hibernate Session. Merging The merge is going to copy the detached entity state (source) to a managed entity instance (destination). If the merging entity has no equivalent in the current Session, one will be fetched from the database. The detached object instance will continue to remain detached even after the merge operation. Remove Although JPA demands that managed entities only are allowed to be removed, Hibernate can also delete detached entities (but only through a Session#delete method call). A removed entity is only scheduled for deletion and the actual database DELETE statement will be executed during Session flush-time.

我在我的实体上得到了lazyLoading异常，因为我试图访问一个会话中的惰性加载集合。

我要做的是在一个单独的请求中，从会话检索实体，然后尝试访问我的jsp页面中的一个集合，这是有问题的。

为了缓解这个问题，我在控制器中更新了相同的实体，并将其传递给我的jsp，尽管我想象当我在会话中重新保存时，它也可以通过SessionScope访问，而不会抛出一个LazyLoadingException，这是示例2的修改:

以下是我行之有效的方法:

// scenario 2 MY WAY
// tran starts
e = new MyEntity();
e = em.merge(e); // re-assign to the same entity "e"

//access e from jsp and it will work dandy!!

JPA is indisputably a great simplification in the domain of enterprise applications built on the Java platform. As a developer who had to cope up with the intricacies of the old entity beans in J2EE I see the inclusion of JPA among the Java EE specifications as a big leap forward. However, while delving deeper into the JPA details I find things that are not so easy. In this article I deal with comparison of the EntityManager’s merge and persist methods whose overlapping behavior may cause confusion not only to a newbie. Furthermore I propose a generalization that sees both methods as special cases of a more general method combine.

持久化实体

与merge方法相比，persist方法非常简单直观。使用persist方法最常见的场景可以总结如下:

一个新创建的实体类实例被传递给持久化方法。该方法返回后，将管理实体并计划将其插入到数据库中。它可能发生在事务提交时或提交之前，也可能发生在调用flush方法时。如果实体通过标记为PERSIST级联策略的关系引用另一个实体，则此过程也应用于它。”

规范中有更多的细节，然而，记住它们并不重要，因为这些细节只涵盖了或多或少的奇异情况。

合并实体

In comparison to persist, the description of the merge's behavior is not so simple. There is no main scenario, as it is in the case of persist, and a programmer must remember all scenarios in order to write a correct code. It seems to me that the JPA designers wanted to have some method whose primary concern would be handling detached entities (as the opposite to the persist method that deals with newly created entities primarily.) The merge method's major task is to transfer the state from an unmanaged entity (passed as the argument) to its managed counterpart within the persistence context. This task, however, divides further into several scenarios which worsen the intelligibility of the overall method's behavior.

我没有从JPA规范中重复段落，而是准备了一个流程图，概要地描述了合并方法的行为:

什么时候使用持久化，什么时候使用归并?

坚持

您希望该方法总是创建一个新实体，而从不更新实体。否则，该方法将因违反主键惟一性而引发异常。 批处理流程，以有状态的方式处理实体(参见网关模式)。 性能优化

走

您希望该方法插入或更新数据库中的实体。 您希望以无状态的方式处理实体(服务中的数据传输对象) 您希望插入一个新实体，该实体可能对另一个实体有引用，但可能尚未创建(关系必须标记为MERGE)。例如，插入带有新相册或已有相册引用的新照片。

场景X:

表:spititter(1)，表:Spittles(许多)(Spittles是与FK:spitter_id关系的所有者)

这个场景的结果是节省:喷壶和两个喷壶就像被同一个喷壶拥有一样。

        Spitter spitter=new Spitter();  
    Spittle spittle3=new Spittle();     
    spitter.setUsername("George");
    spitter.setPassword("test1234");
    spittle3.setSpittle("I love java 2");       
    spittle3.setSpitter(spitter);               
    dao.addSpittle(spittle3); // <--persist     
    Spittle spittle=new Spittle();
    spittle.setSpittle("I love java");
    spittle.setSpitter(spitter);        
    dao.saveSpittle(spittle); //<-- merge!!

场景Y:

这将拯救喷壶，将拯救2喷壶，但他们不会引用同一喷壶!

        Spitter spitter=new Spitter();  
    Spittle spittle3=new Spittle();     
    spitter.setUsername("George");
    spitter.setPassword("test1234");
    spittle3.setSpittle("I love java 2");       
    spittle3.setSpitter(spitter);               
    dao.save(spittle3); // <--merge!!       
    Spittle spittle=new Spittle();
    spittle.setSpittle("I love java");
    spittle.setSpitter(spitter);        
    dao.saveSpittle(spittle); //<-- merge!!

merge和persist之间还有一些区别(我将再次列举已经在这里发布的区别):

D1。Merge不会使传递的实体受管理，而是返回另一个受管理的实例。在另一边持久化将使传递的实体被管理:

//MERGE: passedEntity remains unmanaged, but newEntity will be managed
Entity newEntity = em.merge(passedEntity);

//PERSIST: passedEntity will be managed after this
em.persist(passedEntity);

D2。如果你删除了一个实体，然后决定持久化该实体，你只能使用persist()来做，因为merge会抛出一个IllegalArgumentException。

D3。如果您决定手动处理您的id(例如通过使用uuid)，则合并 operation将触发后续的SELECT查询，以查找具有该ID的存在实体，而persist可能不需要这些查询。

D4。有些情况下，您只是不相信调用您的代码的代码，为了确保没有数据被更新，而是被插入，您必须使用持久化。

通过回答，有一些关于“Cascade”和id生成的细节缺失。看到问题

此外，值得一提的是，您可以为合并和持久化使用单独的Cascade注释:Cascade。合并和级联。PERSIST将根据使用的方法进行处理。

规格是你的朋友;)