我定义了左右两个字符串。一开始，左边是输入字符串，右边是“”。我递归地从左边选择所有可能的字符，并将其添加到右边的末尾。然后，在left-charAt(I)和right+charAt(I)上调用递归函数。我定义了一个类来跟踪生成的排列。

import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;

public class FindPermutations {

    static class Permutations {
        Set<String> permutations = new HashSet<>();
    }

    /**
     * Building all the permutations by adding chars of left to right one by one.
     *
     * @param left         The left string
     * @param right        The right string
     * @param permutations The permutations
     */
    private void findPermutations(String left, String right, Permutations permutations) {
        int n = left.length();
        if (n == 0) {
            permutations.permutations.add(right);
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            findPermutations(left.substring(0, i) + left.substring(i + 1, n), right + left.charAt(i), permutations);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Gets all the permutations of a string s.
     *
     * @param s The input string
     * @return all the permutations of a string s
     */
    public Permutations getPermutations(String s) {
        Permutations permutations = new Permutations();
        findPermutations(s, "", permutations);
        return permutations;
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        FindPermutations findPermutations = new FindPermutations();
        String s = "ABC";
        Permutations permutations = findPermutations.getPermutations(s);
        printPermutations(permutations);
    }

    private static void printPermutations(Permutations permutations) {
        for (String p : permutations.permutations) {
            System.out.println(p);
        }
    }

}

我希望这能有所帮助。

让我试着用Kotlin来解决这个问题:

fun <T> List<T>.permutations(): List<List<T>> {
    //escape case
    if (this.isEmpty()) return emptyList()

    if (this.size == 1) return listOf(this)

    if (this.size == 2) return listOf(listOf(this.first(), this.last()), listOf(this.last(), this.first()))

    //recursive case
    return this.flatMap { lastItem ->
        this.minus(lastItem).permutations().map { it.plus(lastItem) }
    }
}

核心概念:将长链表分解成小链表+递归

长答案与示例列表[1,2,3,4]:

即使是一个4种组合的列表，在脑海中列出所有可能的排列已经有点令人困惑了，我们需要做的就是避免这种情况。我们很容易理解如何对大小为0、1和2的列表进行排列，因此我们所需要做的就是将它们分解为这些大小中的任何一个，并将它们正确地组合起来。想象一台头奖机器:这个算法将从右向左旋转，然后写下

当列表大小为0或1时，返回空/列表为1 当列表大小为2时处理(例如[3,4])，并生成2个排列([3,4]& [4,3]) 对于每一项，将其标记为最后一项中的最后一项，并找到列表中其余项目的所有排列。(例如，把[4]放在桌子上，把[1,2,3]重新排列) 现在对它的子元素进行所有的排列，把它自己放回列表的末尾(例如:[1,2,3][，4]，[1,3,2][，4]，[2,3,1][，4]，…)

让我们以输入abc为例。

从集合(["c"])中的最后一个元素(c)开始，然后将最后第二个元素(b)添加到它的前面，末尾和中间的每个可能位置，使其["bc"， "cb"]，然后以同样的方式将后面的下一个元素(a)添加到集合中的每个字符串中，使其:

"a" + "bc" = ["abc", "bac", "bca"]  and  "a" + "cb" = ["acb" ,"cab", "cba"] 

因此整个排列:

["abc", "bac", "bca","acb" ,"cab", "cba"]

代码:

public class Test 
{
    static Set<String> permutations;
    static Set<String> result = new HashSet<String>();

    public static Set<String> permutation(String string) {
        permutations = new HashSet<String>();

        int n = string.length();
        for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) 
        {
            shuffle(string.charAt(i));
        }
        return permutations;
    }

    private static void shuffle(char c) {
        if (permutations.size() == 0) {
            permutations.add(String.valueOf(c));
        } else {
            Iterator<String> it = permutations.iterator();
            for (int i = 0; i < permutations.size(); i++) {

                String temp1;
                for (; it.hasNext();) {
                    temp1 = it.next();
                    for (int k = 0; k < temp1.length() + 1; k += 1) {
                        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(temp1);

                        sb.insert(k, c);

                        result.add(sb.toString());
                    }
                }
            }
            permutations = result;
            //'result' has to be refreshed so that in next run it doesn't contain stale values.
            result = new HashSet<String>();
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Set<String> result = permutation("abc");

        System.out.println("\nThere are total of " + result.size() + " permutations:");
        Iterator<String> it = result.iterator();
        while (it.hasNext()) {
            System.out.println(it.next());
        }
    }
}

下面是一个简单的Java递归解决方案:

public static ArrayList<String> permutations(String s) {
    ArrayList<String> out = new ArrayList<String>();
    if (s.length() == 1) {
        out.add(s);
        return out;
    }
    char first = s.charAt(0);
    String rest = s.substring(1);
    for (String permutation : permutations(rest)) {
        out.addAll(insertAtAllPositions(first, permutation));
    }
    return out;
}
public static ArrayList<String> insertAtAllPositions(char ch, String s) {
    ArrayList<String> out = new ArrayList<String>();
    for (int i = 0; i <= s.length(); ++i) {
        String inserted = s.substring(0, i) + ch + s.substring(i);
        out.add(inserted);
    }
    return out;
}

这对我很有效。

import java.util.Arrays;

public class StringPermutations{
    public static void main(String args[]) {
        String inputString = "ABC";
        permute(inputString.toCharArray(), 0, inputString.length()-1);
    }

    public static void permute(char[] ary, int startIndex, int endIndex) {
        if(startIndex == endIndex){
            System.out.println(String.valueOf(ary));
        }else{
            for(int i=startIndex;i<=endIndex;i++) {
                 swap(ary, startIndex, i );
                 permute(ary, startIndex+1, endIndex);
                 swap(ary, startIndex, i );
            }
        }
    }

    public static void swap(char[] ary, int x, int y) {
        char temp = ary[x];
        ary[x] = ary[y];
        ary[y] = temp;
    }
}

使用位操作可以很容易地做到这一点。“我们都知道，任何给定的有N个元素的集合有2N个可能的子集。如果我们用一个位来表示子集中的每个元素呢?位可以是0或1，因此我们可以用它来表示对应的元素是否属于这个给定的子集。所以每个位模式代表一个子集。”(复制文本)

private void getPermutation(String str)
        {
            if(str==null)
                return;
            Set<String> StrList = new HashSet<String>();
            StringBuilder strB= new StringBuilder();
            for(int i = 0;i < (1 << str.length()); ++i)
            {
                strB.setLength(0); //clear the StringBuilder
                for(int j = 0;j < str.length() ;++j){
                    if((i & (1 << j))>0){  // to check whether jth bit is set
                        strB.append(str.charAt(j));
                    }
                }
                if(!strB.toString().isEmpty())
                    StrList.add(strB.toString());
            }
            System.out.println(Arrays.toString(StrList.toArray()));
        }