您可以使用参数展开来做到这一点。

如果a为常数，则下面的参数展开执行子字符串提取:

b=${a:12:5}

12是偏移量(从零开始)，5是长度

如果数字周围的下划线是输入中唯一的下划线，您可以分两步分别去掉前缀和后缀:

tmp=${a#*_}   # remove prefix ending in "_"
b=${tmp%_*}   # remove suffix starting with "_"

如果有其他下划线，那么无论如何都可能是可行的，尽管比较棘手。如果有人知道如何在一个表达式中执行两个展开，我也想知道。

提出的两个解决方案都是纯bash，不涉及进程生成，因此非常快。

遵循要求

我有一个文件名，x个字符，然后是5位数字 序列两侧分别用一个下划线包围 x个字符的集合。我想取一个5位数 把它代入一个变量。

我发现了一些可能有用的grep方法:

$ echo "someletters_12345_moreleters.ext" | grep -Eo "[[:digit:]]+" 
12345

或更好的

$ echo "someletters_12345_moreleters.ext" | grep -Eo "[[:digit:]]{5}" 
12345

然后使用-Po语法:

$ echo "someletters_12345_moreleters.ext" | grep -Po '(?<=_)\d+' 
12345

或者如果你想让它正好适合5个字符:

$ echo "someletters_12345_moreleters.ext" | grep -Po '(?<=_)\d{5}' 
12345

最后，要将它存储在一个变量中，只需要使用var=$(命令)语法。

还有bash内置的'expr'命令:

INPUT="someletters_12345_moreleters.ext"  
SUBSTRING=`expr match "$INPUT" '.*_\([[:digit:]]*\)_.*' `  
echo $SUBSTRING

如果有人想要更严格的信息，你也可以像这样在man bash中搜索

$ man bash [press return key]
/substring  [press return key]
[press "n" key]
[press "n" key]
[press "n" key]
[press "n" key]

结果:

${parameter:offset}
       ${parameter:offset:length}
              Substring Expansion.  Expands to  up  to  length  characters  of
              parameter  starting  at  the  character specified by offset.  If
              length is omitted, expands to the substring of parameter  start‐
              ing at the character specified by offset.  length and offset are
              arithmetic expressions (see ARITHMETIC  EVALUATION  below).   If
              offset  evaluates  to a number less than zero, the value is used
              as an offset from the end of the value of parameter.  Arithmetic
              expressions  starting  with  a - must be separated by whitespace
              from the preceding : to be distinguished from  the  Use  Default
              Values  expansion.   If  length  evaluates to a number less than
              zero, and parameter is not @ and not an indexed  or  associative
              array,  it is interpreted as an offset from the end of the value
              of parameter rather than a number of characters, and the  expan‐
              sion is the characters between the two offsets.  If parameter is
              @, the result is length positional parameters beginning at  off‐
              set.   If parameter is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or
              *, the result is the length members of the array beginning  with
              ${parameter[offset]}.   A  negative  offset is taken relative to
              one greater than the maximum index of the specified array.  Sub‐
              string  expansion applied to an associative array produces unde‐
              fined results.  Note that a negative offset  must  be  separated
              from  the  colon  by  at least one space to avoid being confused
              with the :- expansion.  Substring indexing is zero-based  unless
              the  positional  parameters are used, in which case the indexing
              starts at 1 by default.  If offset  is  0,  and  the  positional
              parameters are used, $0 is prefixed to the list.

有点晚了，但我刚刚遇到了这个问题，并发现了以下内容:

host:/tmp$ asd=someletters_12345_moreleters.ext 
host:/tmp$ echo `expr $asd : '.*_\(.*\)_'`
12345
host:/tmp$ 

我用它在一个没有%N日期的嵌入式系统上获得毫秒分辨率:

set `grep "now at" /proc/timer_list`
nano=$3
fraction=`expr $nano : '.*\(...\)......'`
$debug nano is $nano, fraction is $fraction

基于jor的回答(这对我来说并不适用):

substring=$(expr "$filename" : '.*_\([^_]*\)_.*')