如果我们关注以下概念: 一串(一个或几个)数字。

我们可以使用一些外部工具来提取这些数字。 我们可以很容易地擦除所有其他字符，无论是sed还是tr:

name='someletters_12345_moreleters.ext'

echo $name | sed 's/[^0-9]*//g'    # 12345
echo $name | tr -c -d 0-9          # 12345

但如果$name包含几组数字，则上述操作将失败:

如果“name = someletters_12345_moreleters_323_end。ext”,那么:

echo $name | sed 's/[^0-9]*//g'    # 12345323
echo $name | tr -c -d 0-9          # 12345323

我们需要使用正则表达式。 在sed和perl中只选择第一次运行(12345而不是323):

echo $name | sed 's/[^0-9]*\([0-9]\{1,\}\).*$/\1/'
perl -e 'my $name='$name';my ($num)=$name=~/(\d+)/;print "$num\n";'

但我们也可以直接在bash(1)中执行:

regex=[^0-9]*([0-9]{1,}).*$; \
[[ $name =~ $regex ]] && echo ${BASH_REMATCH[1]}

这允许我们提取任意长度的数字的第一行 被其他文本/字符包围。

注意:正则表达式=[^ 0 - 9]*([0 - 9]{5,5})。*美元;将只匹配精确的5位数运行。:-）

(1):每段短文本都比调用外部工具快。并不比在sed或awk中处理大文件快。

如果有人想要更严格的信息，你也可以像这样在man bash中搜索

$ man bash [press return key]
/substring  [press return key]
[press "n" key]
[press "n" key]
[press "n" key]
[press "n" key]

结果:

${parameter:offset}
       ${parameter:offset:length}
              Substring Expansion.  Expands to  up  to  length  characters  of
              parameter  starting  at  the  character specified by offset.  If
              length is omitted, expands to the substring of parameter  start‐
              ing at the character specified by offset.  length and offset are
              arithmetic expressions (see ARITHMETIC  EVALUATION  below).   If
              offset  evaluates  to a number less than zero, the value is used
              as an offset from the end of the value of parameter.  Arithmetic
              expressions  starting  with  a - must be separated by whitespace
              from the preceding : to be distinguished from  the  Use  Default
              Values  expansion.   If  length  evaluates to a number less than
              zero, and parameter is not @ and not an indexed  or  associative
              array,  it is interpreted as an offset from the end of the value
              of parameter rather than a number of characters, and the  expan‐
              sion is the characters between the two offsets.  If parameter is
              @, the result is length positional parameters beginning at  off‐
              set.   If parameter is an indexed array name subscripted by @ or
              *, the result is the length members of the array beginning  with
              ${parameter[offset]}.   A  negative  offset is taken relative to
              one greater than the maximum index of the specified array.  Sub‐
              string  expansion applied to an associative array produces unde‐
              fined results.  Note that a negative offset  must  be  separated
              from  the  colon  by  at least one space to avoid being confused
              with the :- expansion.  Substring indexing is zero-based  unless
              the  positional  parameters are used, in which case the indexing
              starts at 1 by default.  If offset  is  0,  and  the  positional
              parameters are used, $0 is prefixed to the list.

没有任何子过程，您可以:

shopt -s extglob
front=${input%%_+([a-zA-Z]).*}
digits=${front##+([a-zA-Z])_}

一个非常小的变体也可以在ksh93中工作。

还有bash内置的'expr'命令:

INPUT="someletters_12345_moreleters.ext"  
SUBSTRING=`expr match "$INPUT" '.*_\([[:digit:]]*\)_.*' `  
echo $SUBSTRING

试着用cut -c startindex - stopindx

我的答案将对你想从字符串中得到什么有更多的控制。下面是如何从字符串中提取12345的代码

str="someletters_12345_moreleters.ext"
str=${str#*_}
str=${str%_more*}
echo $str

如果你想提取像abc这样的字符或像_或-这样的特殊字符，这样会更有效。例如:如果你的字符串是这样的，你想要someletters_之后和_moreleters之前的所有内容。ext:

str="someletters_123-45-24a&13b-1_moreleters.ext"

使用我的代码，您可以确切地说出您想要什么。 解释:

#*它将删除前面的字符串，包括匹配的键。这里我们提到的键是_ 它将删除以下字符串，包括匹配的键。这里我们提到的键是_more*

自己做一些实验，你会发现这很有趣。