这是一个编程习语，简单地说就是您

将资源封装到类中(类的构造函数通常——但不一定是**——获取资源，其析构函数总是释放它) 通过类的本地实例*使用资源 当对象超出作用域时，资源将自动释放

这保证了在使用资源时无论发生什么，它最终都将被释放(无论是由于正常返回、销毁包含的对象，还是抛出异常)。

这是c++中广泛使用的良好实践，因为除了是处理资源的安全方式外，它还使您的代码更加干净，因为您不需要将错误处理代码与主要功能混合在一起。

*更新:“local”可以是一个局部变量，也可以是一个类的非静态成员变量。在后一种情况下，成员变量被初始化并与其所有者对象一起销毁。

** Update2:正如@sbi指出的那样，虽然资源通常是在构造函数内部分配的，但也可以在构造函数外部分配并作为参数传入。

“RAII”代表“资源获取即初始化”，实际上是一个用词不当的词，因为它所关心的不是资源获取(和对象的初始化)，而是释放资源(通过销毁对象)。 但RAII是我们得到的名字，并且一直沿用。

从本质上讲，这个习语的特点是将资源(内存块、打开的文件、解锁的互斥对象、you-name-it)封装在本地、自动对象中，并且当对象在其所属作用域的末尾被销毁时，该对象的析构函数会释放资源:

{
  raii obj(acquire_resource());
  // ...
} // obj's dtor will call release_resource()

当然，对象并不总是本地自动对象。他们也可以是一个阶级的成员:

class something {
private:
  raii obj_;  // will live and die with instances of the class
  // ... 
};

如果这样的对象管理内存，它们通常被称为“智能指针”。

There are many variations of this. For example, in the first code snippets the question arises what would happen if someone wanted to copy obj. The easiest way out would be to simply disallow copying. std::unique_ptr<>, a smart pointer to be part of the standard library as featured by the next C++ standard, does this. Another such smart pointer, std::shared_ptr features "shared ownership" of the resource (a dynamically allocated object) it holds. That is, it can freely be copied and all copies refer to the same object. The smart pointer keeps track of how many copies refer to the same object and will delete it when the last one is being destroyed. A third variant is featured by std::auto_ptr which implements a kind of move-semantics: An object is owned by only one pointer, and attempting to copy an object will result (through syntax hackery) in transferring ownership of the object to the target of the copy operation.

《c++ Programming with Design Patterns Revealed》一书将RAII描述为:

获取所有资源 利用资源 释放资源

在哪里

资源被实现为类，所有指针都有类包装器(使它们成为智能指针)。 通过调用构造函数获取资源，通过调用析构函数隐式释放资源(与获取资源的顺序相反)。

对于一个非常强大的概念来说，这是一个非常糟糕的名字，而且可能是c++开发人员在转向其他语言时最容易忽略的事情之一。有一些人试图将这个概念重命名为作用域绑定资源管理(Scope-Bound Resource Management)，尽管它似乎还没有流行起来。

When we say 'Resource' we don't just mean memory - it could be file handles, network sockets, database handles, GDI objects... In short, things that we have a finite supply of and so we need to be able to control their usage. The 'Scope-bound' aspect means that the lifetime of the object is bound to the scope of a variable, so when the variable goes out of scope then the destructor will release the resource. A very useful property of this is that it makes for greater exception-safety. For instance, compare this:

RawResourceHandle* handle=createNewResource();
handle->performInvalidOperation();  // Oops, throws exception
...
deleteResource(handle); // oh dear, never gets called so the resource leaks

用RAII这个

class ManagedResourceHandle {
public:
   ManagedResourceHandle(RawResourceHandle* rawHandle_) : rawHandle(rawHandle_) {};
   ~ManagedResourceHandle() {delete rawHandle; }
   ... // omitted operator*, etc
private:
   RawResourceHandle* rawHandle;
};

ManagedResourceHandle handle(createNewResource());
handle->performInvalidOperation();

在后一种情况下，当抛出异常并展开堆栈时，局部变量将被销毁，这确保了我们的资源被清理并且不会泄漏。

Manual memory management is a nightmare that programmers have been inventing ways to avoid since the invention of the compiler. Programming languages with garbage collectors make life easier, but at the cost of performance. In this article - Eliminating the Garbage Collector: The RAII Way, Toptal engineer Peter Goodspeed-Niklaus gives us a peek into the history of garbage collectors and explains how notions of ownership and borrowing can help eliminate garbage collectors without compromising their safety guarantees.

RAII类有三个部分:

该资源在析构函数中被放弃 类的实例是堆栈分配的 资源是在构造函数中获取的。这部分是 可选，但很常见。

RAII代表“资源获取是初始化”。RAII的“资源获取”部分是你开始某些必须在之后结束的内容，例如:

打开文件 分配内存 获取锁

“is initialization”部分意味着获取发生在类的构造函数内部。

https://www.tomdalling.com/blog/software-design/resource-acquisition-is-initialisation-raii-explained/

An object's lifetime is determined by its scope. However, sometimes we need, or it is useful, to create an object that lives independently of the scope where it was created. In C++, the operator new is used to create such an object. And to destroy the object, the operator delete can be used. Objects created by the operator new are dynamically allocated, i.e. allocated in dynamic memory (also called heap or free store). So, an object that was created by new will continue to exist until it's explicitly destroyed using delete.

使用new和delete时会出现以下错误:

泄漏对象(或内存):使用new分配对象，忘记删除对象。 过早删除(或悬空引用):持有指向对象的另一个指针，删除对象，然后使用另一个指针。 重复删除:尝试删除一个对象两次。

Generally, scoped variables are preferred. However, RAII can be used as an alternative to new and delete to make an object live independently of its scope. Such a technique consists of taking the pointer to the object that was allocated on the heap and placing it in a handle/manager object. The latter has a destructor that will take care of destroying the object. This will guarantee that the object is available to any function that wants access to it, and that the object is destroyed when the lifetime of the handle object ends, without the need for explicit cleanup.

c++标准库中使用RAII的例子有std::string和std::vector。

考虑下面这段代码:

void fn(const std::string& str)
{
    std::vector<char> vec;
    for (auto c : str)
        vec.push_back(c);
    // do something
}

当你创建一个向量并将元素推入它时，你不关心这些元素的分配和释放。vector使用new为其堆上的元素分配空间，并使用delete释放该空间。作为vector的用户，您不关心实现细节，并且相信vector不会泄漏。在本例中，vector是其元素的句柄对象。

其他使用RAII的标准库示例有std::shared_ptr、std::unique_ptr和std::lock_guard。

这种技术的另一个名称是SBRM，是作用域绑定资源管理(Scope-Bound Resource Management)的缩写。

RAII概念只是一个C堆栈变量的想法。最简单的解释。

许多人认为RAII是用词不当，但实际上它是这个习语的正确名称，只是没有很好地解释它。

Wikipedia explained behavior in detail: Resource acquisition is initialization (RAII) is a programming idiom used in several object-oriented, statically-typed programming languages to describe a particular language behavior. In RAII, holding a resource is a class invariant, and is tied to object lifetime: resource allocation (or acquisition) is done during object creation (specifically initialization), by the constructor, while resource deallocation (release) is done during object destruction (specifically finalization), by the destructor. In other words, resource acquisition must succeed for initialization to succeed. Thus the resource is guaranteed to be held between when initialization finishes and finalization starts (holding the resources is a class invariant), and to be held only when the object is alive. Thus if there are no object leaks, there are no resource leaks.

至于名称，它仅仅意味着“资源获取”操作是初始化操作，应该是资源类对象的初始化/构造函数的一部分。换句话说，使用这种习惯用法，使用资源意味着创建一个资源类来保存资源，并在构造类对象时初始化资源。它隐式地建议资源的释放应该在资源类析构函数中对称地发生。

这有什么用呢? 当然，您可以选择不使用这个成语，但是如果您想知道使用这个成语会得到什么，请考虑一下

RAII 对于更大的c++项目来说，在构造函数/析构函数对之外不包含对new或delete(或malloc/free)的单个调用是很常见的。或者实际上根本没有。

你可以避免

Exit: free_resource() //在退出函数前清除资源

或者使用RAII锁，这样你就不会忘记解锁。

我已经多次回到这个问题并阅读了它，我认为投票最多的答案有点误导。

RAII的关键是:

“这(主要)不是关于捕捉异常，主要是关于管理资源的所有权。”

得票最高的答案夸大了例外安全，这让我很困惑。

事实是:

You still need to write try catch to handle exceptions (check the 2 code example below), except that you don't need to worry about releasing resources for those classes using RAII in your catch block. Otherwise, you need to look up each non-RAII class's API to find which function to call so as to release acquired resources in catch block. RAII simply save these work. Similar as above, when coding with RAII, you simply write less code, no need to call releasing resouce functions. All the clean-ups are done in the destructor.

另外，请查看我在上面的评论中发现的两个有用的代码示例。

https://ideone.com/1Jjzuc, https://ideone.com/xm2GR9

附言:我们可以用..来和蟒蛇比较。As语句，你也需要捕获可能发生在with块内部的异常。